فَصْلٌ فِي التَّعْرِيفاتِ
مُعَرِّفُ الشَّيْءِ ما يُحْمَلُ عَلَيْهِ لِإِفادَةِ تَصَوُّرِهِ، وَهُوَ عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أَقْسامٍ: الحَدُّ التّامُّ، وَالحَدُّ النّاقِصُ، وَالرَّسْمُ التّامُّ، وَالرَّسْمُ النّاقِصُ؛ فَالتَّعْرِيفُ إِنْ كانَ بِالجِنْسِ القَرِيبِ وَالفَصْلِ القَرِيبِ يُسَمَّى حَدًّا تامًّا، كَتَعْرِيفِ الإِنْسانِ بِالحَيَوانِ النّاطِقِ؛ وَإِنْ كانَ بِالجِنْسِ البَعِيدِ وَالفَصْلِ القَرِيبِ، أَوْ بِهِ وَحْدَهُ، يُسَمَّى حَدًّا ناقِصًا؛ وَإِنْ كانَ بِالجِنْسِ القَرِيبِ وَالخاصَّةِ يُسَمَّى رَسْمًا تامًّا؛ وَإِنْ كانَ بِالجِنْسِ البَعِيدِ وَالخاصَّةِ أَوْ بِالخاصَّةِ وَحْدَها يُسَمَّى رَسْمًا ناقِصًا. مِثالُ الحَدِّ النّاقِصِ تَعْرِيفُ الإِنْسانِ بِالجِسْمِ النّاطِقِ أَوْ بِالنّاطِقِ فَقَطْ، وَمِثالُ الرَّسْمِ التّامِّ تَعْرِيفُ الإِنْسانِ بِالحَيَوانِ الضّاحِكِ، وَمِثالُ الرَّسْمِ النّاقِصِ تَعْرِيفُهُ بِالجِسْمِ الضّاحِكِ أَوْ بِالضّاحِكِ وَحْدَهُ. وَلا دَخْلَ فِي التَّعْرِيفاتِ لِلْعَرَضِ العامِّ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لا يُفِيدُ التَّمْيِيزَ.
The definer (muʿarrif) of a thing is what is of it to convey a of it. It is of four kinds: the complete (ḥadd tāmm), the incomplete essential definition (ḥadd nāqiṣ), the complete (rasm tāmm) and the incomplete descriptive definition (rasm nāqiṣ). If the is by the and the proximate , it is called a complete essential definition, like defining human as rational animal. If it is by the genus and the proximate differentia, or by the latter alone, it is called an incomplete essential definition. If it is by the proximate genus and the , it is called a complete descriptive definition. If it is by the remote genus and the proprium, or by the proprium alone, it is called an incomplete descriptive definition. An example of the incomplete essential definition is defining human as rational body, or as rational only; of the complete descriptive definition, defining human as laughing animal; and of the incomplete descriptive definition, defining it as laughing body, or as laughing alone. The has no place in definitions, because it does not give distinction.
al-Mirqāt · p. 21