The four figures

The syllogism · al-ashkāl · p. 27

الْأَشْكَالُ

Concept · nog niet nagekeken

Tekst in het Arabisch naar de druk van Jakarta 1434/2013 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept

Over deze tekst

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Tekst: Arabisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Bekijk de scan
De lessen volgen: De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi, hoofdstuk voor hoofdstuk van de tekst zelf.
Vertaling: Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
Controle: Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

De tekst

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Lees de hele tekst in het Arabisch →

Origineel in het Arabisch, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

الشَّكْلُ عِنْدَ هٰؤُلَاءِ النَّاسِيُطْلَقُ عَنْ قَضِيَّتَيْ قِيَاسِ

مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ تُعْتَبَرَ الْأَسْوَارُإِذْ ذَاكَ بِالضَّرْبِ لَهُ يُشَارُ

وَلِلْمُقَدِّمَاتِ أَشْكَالٌ فَقَطْأَرْبَعَةٌ بِحَسَبِ الْحَدِّ الْوَسَطْ

The figure, among these people, is said of the two propositions of a syllogism without regard to the quantifiers, for with those it is called a mood. The premises have only four figures, according to the middle term.

Google Translate ↗p. 27

حَمْلٌ بِصُغْرَى وَضْعُهُ بِكُبْرَىيُدْعَى بِشَكْلٍ أَوَّلٍ وَيُدْرَى

وَحَمْلُهُ فِي الْكُلِّ ثَانِيًا عُرِفْوَوَضْعُهُ فِي الْكُلِّ ثَالِثًا أُلِفْ

وَرَابِعُ الْأَشْكَالِ عَكْسُ الْأَوَّلِوَهْيَ عَلَى التَّرْتِيبِ فِي التَّكَمُّلِ

فَحَيْثُ عَنْ هٰذَا النِّظَامِ يُعْدَلُفَفَاسِدُ النِّظَامِ أَمَّا الْأَوَّلُ

Predicate in the minor and subject in the major is called the first figure, as is known; predicate in both is known as the second; subject in both is called the third; and the fourth of the figures is the reverse of the first. They come in order of perfection, so wherever this arrangement is departed from, the arrangement is unsound.

Google Translate ↗p. 27

De les

The (shakl) is the shape of the two of a without regard to their quantifiers; with the quantifiers it is called a mood (ḍarb). There are four figures, by where the stands.

in the and in the : the first . Predicate in both: the second. Subject in both: the third. The fourth is the reverse of the first: subject in the minor and predicate in the major. They come in order of perfection, the first the most natural; any arrangement outside these four is unsound.

Begrippen

الشَّكْلُ al-shakl: figure: the shape of the two premises
الضَّرْبُ al-ḍarb: mood: the figure with its quantifiers
التَّكَمُّلُ al-takammul: perfection: the order of the figures

Voorbeelden

حَمْلٌ بِصُغْرَى وَضْعُهُ بِكُبْرَى
predicate in the minor, subject in the major: the first figure

Test jezelf

3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.

Vraag 1
A figure considered together with its quantifiers is called…
Vraag 2
In which figure is the middle term the subject of both premises?
Vraag 3
The fourth figure is…

Volgende les: Conditions and moods of the figures

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