Conditions and moods of the figures

The syllogism · shurūṭ al-ashkāl · pp. 27–28

شُرُوطُ الْأَشْكَالِ

Concept · nog niet nagekeken

Tekst in het Arabisch naar de druk van Jakarta 1434/2013 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept

Over deze tekst

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Tekst: Arabisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Bekijk de scan
De lessen volgen: De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi, hoofdstuk voor hoofdstuk van de tekst zelf.
Vertaling: Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
Controle: Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

De tekst

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Lees de hele tekst in het Arabisch →

Origineel in het Arabisch, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

فَشَرْطُهُ الْإِيجَابُ فِي صُغْرَاهُوَأَنْ تُرَى كُلِّيَّةً كُبْرَاهُ

وَالثَّانِ أَنْ يَخْتَلِفَا فِي الْكَيْفِ مَعْكُلِّيَّةِ الْكُبْرَى لَهُ شَرْطٌ وَقَعْ

وَالثَّالِثُ الْإِيجَابُ فِي صُغْرَاهُمَاوَأَنْ تُرَى كُلِّيَّةً إِحْدَاهُمَا

As for the first, its condition is affirmation in its minor and that its major be universal. For the second, that they differ in quality, with the universality of the major: this is its condition. For the third, affirmation in the minor and that one of the two be universal.

Google Translate ↗pp. 27–28

وَرَابِعٌ عَدَمُ جَمْعِ الْخِسَّتَيْنْإِلَّا بِصُورَةٍ فَفِيهَا تَسْتَبِينْ

صُغْرَاهُمَا مُوجَبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّهْكُبْرَاهُمَا سَالِبَةٌ كُلِّيَّهْ

For the fourth, that the two weaknesses not be joined, except in one form, which you will find: its minor a particular affirmative and its major a universal negative.

Google Translate ↗p. 28

فَمُنْتِجٌ لِأَوَّلٍ أَرْبَعَةُكَالثَّانِ ثُمَّ ثَالِثٌ فَسِتَّةُ

وَرَابِعٌ بِخَمْسَةٍ قَدْ أَنْتَجَاوَغَيْرُ مَا ذَكَرْتُهُ لَنْ يُنْتِجَا

وَتَتْبَعُ النَّتِيجَةُ الْأَخَسَّ مِنْتِلْكَ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِ هٰكَذَا زُكِنْ

So the first produces four moods, like the second; then the third, six; and the fourth produces by five; anything other than what I have mentioned will not produce. The conclusion follows the weaker of those premises: so it is known.

Google Translate ↗p. 28

وَهٰذِهِ الْأَشْكَالُ بِالْحَمْلِيِّمُخْتَصَّةٌ وَلَيْسَ بِالشَّرْطِيِّ

وَالْحَذْفُ فِي بَعْضِ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِأَوِ النَّتِيجَةِ لِعِلْمٍ آتِ

وَتَنْتَهِي إِلَى ضَرُورَةٍ لِمَامِنْ دَوْرٍ اَوْ تَسَلْسُلٍ قَدْ لَزِمَا

These figures belong to the categorical, not to the conditional. A premise or the conclusion may be left out when it is known. And the premises end in what is necessary, because of the circle or the endless regress that would otherwise follow.

Google Translate ↗p. 28

De les

The first needs an and a . The second needs differing in quality and a universal major. The third needs an affirmative minor and one universal premise. The fourth must not join the two weaknesses, and particularity, except in one form: a minor with a major.

So the first produces four , the second four, the third six and the fourth five; nothing else produces. The follows the weaker : if one premise is , so is the conclusion; if one is , so is the conclusion. These figures are for . A premise or the conclusion may be left unsaid when it is known, and premises must end in what is necessary, or there would be a circle or an endless regress.

Begrippen

الْإِيجَابُ فِي الصُّغْرَى al-ījāb fī l-ṣughrā: affirmation in the minor
كُلِّيَّةُ الْكُبْرَى kulliyyat al-kubrā: universality of the major
الْأَخَسُّ al-akhass: the weaker premise, which the conclusion follows
التَّسَلْسُلُ al-tasalsul: endless regress

Voorbeelden

وَتَتْبَعُ النَّتِيجَةُ الْأَخَسَّ
the conclusion follows the weaker premise

Test jezelf

3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.

Vraag 1
How many productive moods does the third figure have?
Vraag 2
One premise is negative and the other affirmative. The conclusion will be…
Vraag 3
What are the conditions of the second figure?

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