الرئيسية / al-Sullam al-munawraq / الدَّرْسُ 16 مِنْ 18

مُقْفَل

Compound syllogism, induction and analogy

المَسارُ المَغارِبِيّ · المُسْتَوَى 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · الدَّرْسُ 16 مِنْ 18

Compound syllogism, induction and analogy

The syllogism · lawāḥiq al-qiyās · ص 29

لَوَاحِقُ الْقِيَاسِ

مسوّدة · بانتظار المراجعة

النَّصُّ بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة عَلَى طَبْعَةِ Jakarta 1434/2013 · تَرْجَمَةُ The Mantiqi، مُسَوَّدَة

عَنْ هٰذا النَّصّ

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

النَّصّ: العَرَبِيَّة, نَقَلَهُ The Mantiqi مِنْ هٰذِهِ الطَّبْعَة: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 اعْرِضِ الصُّورَة
تَتْبَعُ الدُّرُوس: الدُّرُوسُ شَرْحُ The Mantiqi الخاصُّ، فَصْلًا فَصْلًا مِنَ النَّصِّ نَفْسِه.
التَّرْجَمَة: مِنْ عَمَلِ The Mantiqi؛ مُسَوَّدَة.
المُراجَعَة: مُسَوَّدَة، بِانْتِظارِ مُراجَعَةِ Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

النَّصّ

تَحْتاجُ لُغَةً أُخْرَى؟ «تَرْجَمَةُ Google» تَفْتَحُ المَقْطَعَ فِي التَّرْجَمَةِ الآلِيَّةِ مِنْ Google — مُفِيدَةٌ لِفِكْرَةٍ أُولَى، لٰكِنَّنا لَمْ نُراجِعْها. أَوِ انْسَخِ النَّصَّ إِلَى مُتَرْجِمٍ تَخْتارُه.

اقْرَإِ النَّصَّ كامِلًا بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة →

الأَصْلُ بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة، Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

وَمِنْهُ مَا يَدْعُونَهُ مُرَكَّبَالِكَوْنِهِ مِنْ حُجَجٍ قَدْ رُكِّبَا

فَرَكِّبَنْهُ إِنْ تُرِدْ أَنْ تَعْلَمَهْوَاقْلِبْ نَتِيجَةً بِهِ مُقَدِّمَهْ

يَلْزَمُ مِنْ تَرْكِيبِهَا بِأُخْرَىنَتِيجَةٌ إِلَى هَلُمَّ جَرَّا

مُتَّصِلُ النَّتَائِجِ الَّذِي حَوَىيَكُونُ أَوْ مَفْصُولَهَا كُلٌّ سَوَا

Another kind they call the compound, because it is built from several proofs. Build it, if you want to know it, and turn a conclusion into a premise: from putting it with another, a conclusion follows, and so on. With its conclusions stated or left out, all is the same.

ص 29

وَإِنْ بِجُزْئِيٍّ عَلَى كُلِّيٍّ اسْتُدِلْفَذَا بِالِاسْتِقْرَاءِ عِنْدَهُمْ عُقِلْ

وَعَكْسُهُ يُدْعَى الْقِيَاسَ الْمَنْطِقِيوَهْوَ الَّذِي قَدَّمْتُهُ فَحَقِّقِ

وَحَيْثُ جُزْئِيٌّ عَلَى جُزْئِيٍّ حُمِلْلِجَامِعٍ فَذَاكَ تَمْثِيلٌ جُعِلْ

وَلَا يُفِيدُ الْقَطْعَ بِالدَّلِيلِقِيَاسُ الِاسْتِقْرَاءِ وَالتَّمْثِيلِ

If one argues from particulars to a universal, this is understood among them as induction; the reverse is called the logical syllogism, the one I have set out, so be sure of it. And wherever one particular is judged by another because of something they share, that is made an analogy. Induction and analogy do not give certainty by their proof.

ص 29

الدَّرْس

A compound is built of several proofs: the of one becomes a of the next, and so on, whether the intermediate conclusions are stated or left out.

Arguing from to a is (istiqrāʾ); the reverse, from the universal to the particular, is the logical the poem has taught. Judging one particular by another because of something they share is (tamthīl), the qiyās of the jurists. Neither induction nor analogy gives certainty by its proof.

المُصْطَلَحات

الْمُرَكَّبُ al-murakkab: compound syllogism: several proofs in a chain
الِاسْتِقْرَاءُ al-istiqrāʾ: induction: from particulars to the universal
التَّمْثِيلُ al-tamthīl: analogy: from particular to particular by a common factor
الْجَامِعُ al-jāmiʿ: the common factor of an analogy

الأَمْثِلَة

النَّبِيذُ حَرَامٌ كَالْخَمْرِ لِلْإِسْكَارِ
analogy: nabīdh is judged by wine through intoxication

اخْتَبِرْ نَفْسَك

عَدَدُ الأَسْئِلَةِ عَلَى هٰذا الدَّرْسِ 3. بِسِتَّةٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةٍ فَأَكْثَرَ (نَجْمَتَيْن) يُفْتَحُ الدَّرْسُ التّالِي.

السؤال 1
Judging one particular by another because of a shared factor is…
السؤال 2
Which give certainty, according to the Sullam?
السؤال 3
In a compound syllogism, what becomes a premise?

الدَّرْسُ التّالِي: The kinds of proof and the certain premises

تابِع ←