خانه / al-Sullam al-munawraq / درس 16 از 18
قفل
Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
بازگشت به al-Sullam al-munawraqمسیر مغربی · سطح 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · درس 16 از 18
Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
The syllogism · lawāḥiq al-qiyās · ص 29
لَوَاحِقُ الْقِيَاسِ
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
متن عربی بر پایهٔ چاپ Jakarta 1434/2013 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- متن
- عربی, رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi است، فصل به فصل از خود متن.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
متن
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
اصل عربی، Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
وَمِنْهُ مَا يَدْعُونَهُ مُرَكَّبَالِكَوْنِهِ مِنْ حُجَجٍ قَدْ رُكِّبَا
فَرَكِّبَنْهُ إِنْ تُرِدْ أَنْ تَعْلَمَهْوَاقْلِبْ نَتِيجَةً بِهِ مُقَدِّمَهْ
يَلْزَمُ مِنْ تَرْكِيبِهَا بِأُخْرَىنَتِيجَةٌ إِلَى هَلُمَّ جَرَّا
مُتَّصِلُ النَّتَائِجِ الَّذِي حَوَىيَكُونُ أَوْ مَفْصُولَهَا كُلٌّ سَوَا
Another kind they call the compound, because it is built from several proofs. Build it, if you want to know it, and turn a conclusion into a premise: from putting it with another, a conclusion follows, and so on. With its conclusions stated or left out, all is the same.
وَإِنْ بِجُزْئِيٍّ عَلَى كُلِّيٍّ اسْتُدِلْفَذَا بِالِاسْتِقْرَاءِ عِنْدَهُمْ عُقِلْ
وَعَكْسُهُ يُدْعَى الْقِيَاسَ الْمَنْطِقِيوَهْوَ الَّذِي قَدَّمْتُهُ فَحَقِّقِ
وَحَيْثُ جُزْئِيٌّ عَلَى جُزْئِيٍّ حُمِلْلِجَامِعٍ فَذَاكَ تَمْثِيلٌ جُعِلْ
وَلَا يُفِيدُ الْقَطْعَ بِالدَّلِيلِقِيَاسُ الِاسْتِقْرَاءِ وَالتَّمْثِيلِ
If one argues from particulars to a universal, this is understood among them as induction; the reverse is called the logical syllogism, the one I have set out, so be sure of it. And wherever one particular is judged by another because of something they share, that is made an analogy. Induction and analogy do not give certainty by their proof.
درس
A compound is built of several proofs: the of one becomes a of the next, and so on, whether the intermediate conclusions are stated or left out.
Arguing from to a is (istiqrāʾ); the reverse, from the universal to the particular, is the logical the poem has taught. Judging one particular by another because of something they share is (tamthīl), the qiyās of the jurists. Neither induction nor analogy gives certainty by its proof.
اصطلاحات
- الْمُرَكَّبُ al-murakkab
- compound syllogism: several proofs in a chain
- الِاسْتِقْرَاءُ al-istiqrāʾ
- induction: from particulars to the universal
- التَّمْثِيلُ al-tamthīl
- analogy: from particular to particular by a common factor
- الْجَامِعُ al-jāmiʿ
- the common factor of an analogy
مثال‌ها
النَّبِيذُ حَرَامٌ كَالْخَمْرِ لِلْإِسْكَارِ
analogy: nabīdh is judged by wine through intoxication
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
Judging one particular by another because of a shared factor is…
That is analogy, with the shared factor (jāmiʿ).
پرسش 2
Which give certainty, according to the Sullam?
Induction and analogy do not give certainty by their proof.
پرسش 3
In a compound syllogism, what becomes a premise?
“Turn a conclusion into a premise.”
درس بعدی: The kinds of proof and the certain premises
ادامه ←