The kinds of proof and the certain premises

Proof and conclusion · aqsām al-ḥujja · p. 30

أَقْسَامُ الْحُجَّةِ

Concept · nog niet nagekeken

Tekst in het Arabisch naar de druk van Jakarta 1434/2013 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept

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al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Tekst: Arabisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Bekijk de scan
De lessen volgen: De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi, hoofdstuk voor hoofdstuk van de tekst zelf.
Vertaling: Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
Controle: Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

De tekst

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Origineel in het Arabisch, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

وَحُجَّةٌ نَقْلِيَّةٌ عَقْلِيَّهْأَقْسَامُ هٰذِي خَمْسَةٌ جَلِيَّهْ

خَطَابَةٌ شِعْرٌ وَبُرْهَانٌ جَدَلْوَخَامِسٌ سَفْسَطَةٌ نِلْتَ الْأَمَلْ

أَجَلُّهَا الْبُرْهَانُ مَا أُلِّفَ مِنْمُقَدِّمَاتٍ بِالْيَقِينِ تَقْتَرِنْ

Proof is transmitted or rational; the kinds of the latter are five, clear: rhetoric, poetry, demonstration, dialectic, and the fifth, sophistry — you have reached your hope. The noblest of them is demonstration: what is composed of premises joined to certainty,

Google Translate ↗p. 30

مِنْ أَوَّلِيَّاتٍ مُشَاهَدَاتِمُجَرَّبَاتٍ مُتَوَاتِرَاتِ

وَحَدْسِيَّاتٍ وَمَحْسُوسَاتِفَتِلْكَ جُمْلَةُ الْيَقِينِيَّاتِ

وَفِي دَلَالَةِ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِعَلَى النَّتِيجَةِ خِلَافٌ آتِ

عَقْلِيٌّ اَوْ عَادِيٌّ اَوْ تَوَلُّدُأَوْ وَاجِبٌ وَالْأَوَّلُ الْمُؤَيَّدُ

from first principles, things witnessed, things tested by experience, things reported by many, things grasped by intuition and things sensed: these are all the certain premises. On how premises point to the conclusion there is disagreement: rational, customary, by generation, or necessary — and the first is the one supported.

Google Translate ↗p. 30

De les

A proof is transmitted (naqlī) or rational (ʿaqlī). Rational proofs are of five kinds, the : , poetry, , and . The noblest is demonstration (burhān): a proof built of .

The are six: (awwaliyyāt), things witnessed inwardly (mushāhadāt), things tested by experience (mujarrabāt), reports by so many that error is excluded (mutawātirāt), things grasped by intuition (ḥadsiyyāt) and things sensed (maḥsūsāt). On how the yield the there are four views — by the intellect, by God's custom, by generation, or by necessary causation — and the poem supports the first.

Begrippen

الْبُرْهَانُ al-burhān: demonstration: from certain premises
الْخَطَابَةُ / الشِّعْرُ / الْجَدَلُ / السَّفْسَطَةُ al-khaṭāba / al-shiʿr / al-jadal / al-safsaṭa: rhetoric / poetry / dialectic / sophistry
الْأَوَّلِيَّاتُ al-awwaliyyāt: first principles
الْمُتَوَاتِرَاتُ al-mutawātirāt: what is reported by very many
الْحَدْسِيَّاتُ al-ḥadsiyyāt: what is grasped by intuition

Voorbeelden

الْكُلُّ أَعْظَمُ مِنَ الْجُزْءِ
“the whole is greater than the part”: a first principle

Test jezelf

3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.

Vraag 1
Which is the noblest of the five arts?
Vraag 2
“The whole is greater than its part” belongs to…
Vraag 3
Which view on how premises yield the conclusion does the poem support?

Volgende les: Errors in proof, and the close of the poem

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