The kinds of proof and the certain premises

Proof and conclusion · aqsām al-ḥujja · hlm. 30

أَقْسَامُ الْحُجَّةِ

Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan

Teks bahasa Arab menurut cetakan Jakarta 1434/2013 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf

Tentang teks ini

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Teks: Arab, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan ini: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Lihat pindaian
Pelajaran mengikuti: Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri, bab demi bab dari teks itu sendiri.
Terjemahan: Karya The Mantiqi sendiri; draf.
Tinjauan: Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

Teks

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Teks asli bahasa Arab, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

وَحُجَّةٌ نَقْلِيَّةٌ عَقْلِيَّهْأَقْسَامُ هٰذِي خَمْسَةٌ جَلِيَّهْ

خَطَابَةٌ شِعْرٌ وَبُرْهَانٌ جَدَلْوَخَامِسٌ سَفْسَطَةٌ نِلْتَ الْأَمَلْ

أَجَلُّهَا الْبُرْهَانُ مَا أُلِّفَ مِنْمُقَدِّمَاتٍ بِالْيَقِينِ تَقْتَرِنْ

Proof is transmitted or rational; the kinds of the latter are five, clear: rhetoric, poetry, demonstration, dialectic, and the fifth, sophistry — you have reached your hope. The noblest of them is demonstration: what is composed of premises joined to certainty,

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 30

مِنْ أَوَّلِيَّاتٍ مُشَاهَدَاتِمُجَرَّبَاتٍ مُتَوَاتِرَاتِ

وَحَدْسِيَّاتٍ وَمَحْسُوسَاتِفَتِلْكَ جُمْلَةُ الْيَقِينِيَّاتِ

وَفِي دَلَالَةِ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِعَلَى النَّتِيجَةِ خِلَافٌ آتِ

عَقْلِيٌّ اَوْ عَادِيٌّ اَوْ تَوَلُّدُأَوْ وَاجِبٌ وَالْأَوَّلُ الْمُؤَيَّدُ

from first principles, things witnessed, things tested by experience, things reported by many, things grasped by intuition and things sensed: these are all the certain premises. On how premises point to the conclusion there is disagreement: rational, customary, by generation, or necessary — and the first is the one supported.

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 30

Pelajaran

A proof is transmitted (naqlī) or rational (ʿaqlī). Rational proofs are of five kinds, the : , poetry, , and . The noblest is demonstration (burhān): a proof built of .

The are six: (awwaliyyāt), things witnessed inwardly (mushāhadāt), things tested by experience (mujarrabāt), reports by so many that error is excluded (mutawātirāt), things grasped by intuition (ḥadsiyyāt) and things sensed (maḥsūsāt). On how the yield the there are four views — by the intellect, by God's custom, by generation, or by necessary causation — and the poem supports the first.

Istilah

الْبُرْهَانُ al-burhān: demonstration: from certain premises
الْخَطَابَةُ / الشِّعْرُ / الْجَدَلُ / السَّفْسَطَةُ al-khaṭāba / al-shiʿr / al-jadal / al-safsaṭa: rhetoric / poetry / dialectic / sophistry
الْأَوَّلِيَّاتُ al-awwaliyyāt: first principles
الْمُتَوَاتِرَاتُ al-mutawātirāt: what is reported by very many
الْحَدْسِيَّاتُ al-ḥadsiyyāt: what is grasped by intuition

Contoh

الْكُلُّ أَعْظَمُ مِنَ الْجُزْءِ
“the whole is greater than the part”: a first principle

Uji dirimu

3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.

Soal 1
Which is the noblest of the five arts?
Soal 2
“The whole is greater than its part” belongs to…
Soal 3
Which view on how premises yield the conclusion does the poem support?

Pelajaran berikutnya: Errors in proof, and the close of the poem

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