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Conversion

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Jalur Afrika Utara · tingkat 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · Pelajaran 11 dari 18

Conversion

Propositions · al-ʿaks al-mustawī · hlm. 81

العَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي

Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan

Pelajaran kami sendiri dengan kutipan dari cetakan Cairo 1324/1906 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf

Tentang teks ini

Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ

Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)

Teks: Arab: bagian-bagian yang dikutip dalam pelajaran, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan ini (seluruh teks tidak dimuat): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) Lihat pindaian
Pelajaran mengikuti: Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri atas Sullam, bait demi bait, mengikuti Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī; kata-katanya dikutip di tempat yang paling penting.
Terjemahan: Karya The Mantiqi sendiri; draf.
Tinjauan: Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

Dalam kata-kata Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī

Perlu bahasa lain? “Google Terjemahan” membuka sebuah bagian di terjemahan mesin Google — berguna untuk gambaran awal, tetapi tidak kami periksa. Atau salin teksnya ke penerjemah pilihanmu.

Dikutip dari teks bahasa Arab Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906

وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ العَكْسَ لُغَةً مُطْلَقُ التَّبْدِيلِ وَالقَلْبِ، بِأَنْ يُجْعَلَ السّابِقُ لاحِقًا وَاللّاحِقُ سابِقًا … الأَوَّلُ عَكْسٌ مُسْتَوٍ، وَيُقالُ لَهُ عَكْسٌ مُسْتَقِيمٌ، لِاسْتِواءِ طَرَفَيْهِ وَاسْتِقامَتِهِما بِسَبَبِ سَلامَةِ كُلٍّ مِنْهُما مِنَ التَّبْدِيلِ بِالنَّقِيضِ، وَهٰذا هُوَ الَّذِي اقْتَصَرَ عَلَيْهِ المُصَنِّفُ.

Know that conversion (ʿaks) in the language is simply exchanging and turning round: making what comes first come last and what comes last come first … The first kind is simple conversion (ʿaks mustawī), also called straight conversion, because its two sides stay level and straight, neither being replaced by its contradictory; and this is the only kind the author treats.

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 81

Pelajaran

The Sullam treats : exchanging the and of a , keeping its quality and its truth. Al-Bājūrī begins with the word: in the language ʿaks is any exchanging or turning round, making what comes first come last.

In the technical sense it is used in two ways: for the one arrives at, and for the act of exchanging. And it is of three kinds: , also called “straight” conversion, because both sides stay as they were, neither replaced by its ; with agreement; and contraposition with disagreement. The poem treats only the first.

The rules are those of the Sullam: the as a universal negative, the as a , and the not at all. So “every human is an animal” converts as “some animal is human”, not “every animal is human”, because the may be more general than the .

Istilah

العَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي al-ʿaks al-mustawī: simple conversion
عَكْسُ النَّقِيضِ ʿaks al-naqīḍ: contraposition: exchanging the contradictories of the two sides
الكَيْفُ al-kayf: quality: affirmative or negative

Contoh

كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ ← بَعْضُ الحَيَوانِ إِنْسانٌ
“every human is an animal” converts as “some animal is human”

Uji dirimu

3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.

Soal 1
Why is simple conversion also called “straight” (mustaqīm)?
Soal 2
Which kinds of conversion does the Sullam treat, according to al-Bājūrī?
Soal 3
“Every human is an animal” converts as…

Pelajaran berikutnya: The syllogism

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