المَسارُ المَغارِبِيّ · المُسْتَوَى 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · الدَّرْسُ 11 مِنْ 18

Conversion

Propositions · al-ʿaks al-mustawī · ص 81

العَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي

مسوّدة · بانتظار المراجعة

دُرُوسُنا الخاصَّةُ مَعَ نُقُولٍ مِنْ طَبْعَةِ Cairo 1324/1906 · تَرْجَمَةُ The Mantiqi، مُسَوَّدَة

عَنْ هٰذا النَّصّ

Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ

Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)

النَّصّ: العَرَبِيَّة: المَقاطِعُ المَنْقُولَةُ فِي الدُّرُوس، نَقَلَها The Mantiqi مِنْ هٰذِهِ الطَّبْعَة (وَلا يُنْقَلُ النَّصُّ كُلُّه): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) اعْرِضِ الصُّورَة
تَتْبَعُ الدُّرُوس: الدُّرُوسُ شَرْحُ The Mantiqi الخاصُّ لِلسُّلَّمِ بَيْتًا بَيْتًا، عَلَى أَثَرِ Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī؛ وَيُنْقَلُ كَلامُهُ حَيْثُ يَكُونُ أَهَمّ.
التَّرْجَمَة: مِنْ عَمَلِ The Mantiqi؛ مُسَوَّدَة.
المُراجَعَة: مُسَوَّدَة، بِانْتِظارِ مُراجَعَةِ Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

بِكَلامِ Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī

تَحْتاجُ لُغَةً أُخْرَى؟ «تَرْجَمَةُ Google» تَفْتَحُ المَقْطَعَ فِي التَّرْجَمَةِ الآلِيَّةِ مِنْ Google — مُفِيدَةٌ لِفِكْرَةٍ أُولَى، لٰكِنَّنا لَمْ نُراجِعْها. أَوِ انْسَخِ النَّصَّ إِلَى مُتَرْجِمٍ تَخْتارُه.

مَنْقُولٌ مِنَ النَّصِّ بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة فِي Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906

وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ العَكْسَ لُغَةً مُطْلَقُ التَّبْدِيلِ وَالقَلْبِ، بِأَنْ يُجْعَلَ السّابِقُ لاحِقًا وَاللّاحِقُ سابِقًا … الأَوَّلُ عَكْسٌ مُسْتَوٍ، وَيُقالُ لَهُ عَكْسٌ مُسْتَقِيمٌ، لِاسْتِواءِ طَرَفَيْهِ وَاسْتِقامَتِهِما بِسَبَبِ سَلامَةِ كُلٍّ مِنْهُما مِنَ التَّبْدِيلِ بِالنَّقِيضِ، وَهٰذا هُوَ الَّذِي اقْتَصَرَ عَلَيْهِ المُصَنِّفُ.

Know that conversion (ʿaks) in the language is simply exchanging and turning round: making what comes first come last and what comes last come first … The first kind is simple conversion (ʿaks mustawī), also called straight conversion, because its two sides stay level and straight, neither being replaced by its contradictory; and this is the only kind the author treats.

ص 81

الدَّرْس

The Sullam treats : exchanging the and of a , keeping its quality and its truth. Al-Bājūrī begins with the word: in the language ʿaks is any exchanging or turning round, making what comes first come last.

In the technical sense it is used in two ways: for the one arrives at, and for the act of exchanging. And it is of three kinds: , also called “straight” conversion, because both sides stay as they were, neither replaced by its ; with agreement; and contraposition with disagreement. The poem treats only the first.

The rules are those of the Sullam: the as a universal negative, the as a , and the not at all. So “every human is an animal” converts as “some animal is human”, not “every animal is human”, because the may be more general than the .

المُصْطَلَحات

العَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي al-ʿaks al-mustawī: simple conversion
عَكْسُ النَّقِيضِ ʿaks al-naqīḍ: contraposition: exchanging the contradictories of the two sides
الكَيْفُ al-kayf: quality: affirmative or negative

الأَمْثِلَة

كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ ← بَعْضُ الحَيَوانِ إِنْسانٌ
“every human is an animal” converts as “some animal is human”

اخْتَبِرْ نَفْسَك

عَدَدُ الأَسْئِلَةِ عَلَى هٰذا الدَّرْسِ 3. بِسِتَّةٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةٍ فَأَكْثَرَ (نَجْمَتَيْن) يُفْتَحُ الدَّرْسُ التّالِي.

السؤال 1
Why is simple conversion also called “straight” (mustaqīm)?
السؤال 2
Which kinds of conversion does the Sullam treat, according to al-Bājūrī?
السؤال 3
“Every human is an animal” converts as…

الدَّرْسُ التّالِي: The syllogism

تابِع ←