خانه / Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam / درس 11 از 18
قفل
Conversion
بازگشت به Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullamمسیر مغربی · سطح 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · درس 11 از 18
Conversion
Propositions · al-ʿaks al-mustawī · ص 81
العَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
درس‌های خود ما با نقل‌هایی از چاپ Cairo 1324/1906 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- متن
- عربی: بخش‌هایی که در درس‌ها نقل شده، رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ (همهٔ متن نقل نمی‌شود): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi بر سلم است، بیت به بیت، به پیروی از Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī؛ سخنانش هر جا مهم‌تر است نقل می‌شود.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
به سخن Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
نقل‌شده از متن عربی Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ العَكْسَ لُغَةً مُطْلَقُ التَّبْدِيلِ وَالقَلْبِ، بِأَنْ يُجْعَلَ السّابِقُ لاحِقًا وَاللّاحِقُ سابِقًا … الأَوَّلُ عَكْسٌ مُسْتَوٍ، وَيُقالُ لَهُ عَكْسٌ مُسْتَقِيمٌ، لِاسْتِواءِ طَرَفَيْهِ وَاسْتِقامَتِهِما بِسَبَبِ سَلامَةِ كُلٍّ مِنْهُما مِنَ التَّبْدِيلِ بِالنَّقِيضِ، وَهٰذا هُوَ الَّذِي اقْتَصَرَ عَلَيْهِ المُصَنِّفُ.
Know that conversion (ʿaks) in the language is simply exchanging and turning round: making what comes first come last and what comes last come first … The first kind is simple conversion (ʿaks mustawī), also called straight conversion, because its two sides stay level and straight, neither being replaced by its contradictory; and this is the only kind the author treats.
درس
The Sullam treats : exchanging the and of a , keeping its quality and its truth. Al-Bājūrī begins with the word: in the language ʿaks is any exchanging or turning round, making what comes first come last.
In the technical sense it is used in two ways: for the one arrives at, and for the act of exchanging. And it is of three kinds: , also called “straight” conversion, because both sides stay as they were, neither replaced by its ; with agreement; and contraposition with disagreement. The poem treats only the first.
The rules are those of the Sullam: the as a universal negative, the as a , and the not at all. So “every human is an animal” converts as “some animal is human”, not “every animal is human”, because the may be more general than the .
اصطلاحات
- العَكْسُ المُسْتَوِي al-ʿaks al-mustawī
- simple conversion
- عَكْسُ النَّقِيضِ ʿaks al-naqīḍ
- contraposition: exchanging the contradictories of the two sides
- الكَيْفُ al-kayf
- quality: affirmative or negative
مثال‌ها
كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ ← بَعْضُ الحَيَوانِ إِنْسانٌ
“every human is an animal” converts as “some animal is human”
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
Why is simple conversion also called “straight” (mustaqīm)?
It is so called “because its two sides stay level and straight, neither being replaced by its contradictory”.
پرسش 2
Which kinds of conversion does the Sullam treat, according to al-Bājūrī?
“This is the only kind the author treats.”
پرسش 3
“Every human is an animal” converts as…
The affirmative converts as a particular, because the predicate may be more general.
درس بعدی: The syllogism
ادامه ←