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Indian path · level 2 · al-Mirqāt · Lesson 24 of 25

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The five arts

الصِّنَاعَات الخَمْس

Arabic text after the print of Deoband after 1336/1917 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Mirqāt المِرْقاة

Faḍl-i Imām Khayrābādī (d. 1243 or 1244/1828–29)

Text
Arabic: al-Mirqāt, with al-Shīrkūtī's gloss al-Mirʾāt (gloss not reproduced), checked against the Delhi print of 1286/1869 (Sayyid al-Maṭābiʿ); vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft), Kutub Khāna Iʿzāziyya, Deoband after 1336/1917 View the scan
Translation
The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review
Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text Faḍl-i Imām Khayrābādī

أُغْلُوطَةٌ

لَوْ لَمْ يَصْدُقْ قَضِيَّةٌ لَمْ يَصْدُقْ «زَيْدٌ قائِمٌ»، وَكُلَّما لَمْ يَصْدُقْ «زَيْدٌ قائِمٌ» صَدَقَ نَقِيضُهُ، أَعْنِي «زَيْدٌ لَيْسَ بِقائِمٍ»، يُنْتِجُ: كُلَّما لَمْ يَصْدُقْ قَضِيَّةٌ صَدَقَ «زَيْدٌ لَيْسَ بِقائِمٍ»، مَعَ أَنَّها قَضِيَّةٌ مِنَ القَضايا. وَالحَلُّ أَنَّ التَّقادِيرَ المَأْخُوذَةَ فِي الكُبْرَى، أَعْنِي قَوْلَكَ: «كُلَّما لَمْ يَصْدُقْ زَيْدٌ قائِمٌ صَدَقَ نَقِيضُهُ، أَعْنِي زَيْدٌ لَيْسَ بِقائِمٍ»، إِنْ كانَتْ واقِعِيَّةً فَصِدْقُها مُسَلَّمٌ، لٰكِنْ لا انْدِراجَ؛ إِذِ الحُكْمُ فِي الصُّغْرَى إِنَّما هُوَ عَلَى التَّقادِيرِ الفَرْضِيَّةِ الغَيْرِ الواقِعِيَّةِ ضَرُورَةَ أَنَّ عَدَمَ صِدْقِ قَضِيَّةٍ مِنَ القَضايا مِنَ المُمْتَنِعاتِ، ضَرُورَةَ أَنَّ قَوْلَنا: «الواجِبُ مَوْجُودٌ أَوْ سَمِيعٌ أَوْ بَصِيرٌ» واجِبُ الصِّدْقِ، فَيَكُونُ عَدَمُ صِدْقِها مُحالًا؛ وَإِنْ كانَتْ تَقادِيرُ الكُبْرَى أَعَمَّ مَنَعْنا الكُلِّيَّةَ؛ إِذْ كَذِبُ الشَّيْءِ إِنَّما يَسْتَلْزِمُ صِدْقَ نَقِيضِهِ بِحَسَبِ الواقِعِ، فَإِنَّهُ جازَ عَلَى تَقْدِيرِ المُحالِ أَنْ يَكْذِبَ النَّقِيضانِ مَعًا؛ لِأَنَّ المُحالَ جازَ أَنْ يَسْتَلْزِمَ مُحالًا آخَرَ. وَيَقْرُبُ مِنْ هٰذِهِ الأُغْلُوطَةِ المُغالَطَةُ العامَّةُ الوُرُودِ الَّتِي يُمْكِنُ أَنْ يُثْبَتَ بِها أَيُّ مَطْلُوبٍ أَرَدْتَ، صادِقًا كانَ أَوْ كاذِبًا، فَنَقُولُ: المُدَّعَى ثابِتٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنِ المُدَّعَى ثابِتًا كانَ نَقِيضُهُ ثابِتًا، وَكُلَّما كانَ نَقِيضُهُ ثابِتًا كانَ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الأَشْياءِ ثابِتًا، يُنْتِجُ: لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنِ المُدَّعَى ثابِتًا كانَ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الأَشْياءِ ثابِتًا، وَيَنْعَكِسُ بِعَكْسِ النَّقِيضِ: لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الأَشْياءِ ثابِتًا كانَ المُدَّعَى ثابِتًا، مَعَ أَنَّهُ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الأَشْياءِ، هٰذا خُلْفٌ. وَتَحَيَّرَ العُقَلاءُ فِي حَلِّهِ؛ فَمِنْ قائِلٍ يَقُولُ: إِنّا لا نُسَلِّمُ أَنَّ تِلْكَ الشَّرْطِيَّةَ تَنْعَكِسُ بِهٰذا العَكْسِ إِلَى هٰذِهِ الشَّرْطِيَّةِ، كَيْفَ وَالشَّيْئانِ فِي الأَصْلِ وَالعَكْسِ مُخْتَلِفانِ بِالعُمُومِ وَالخُصُوصِ، بَلْ عَكْسُ هٰذِهِ الشَّرْطِيَّةِ قَوْلُنا: «كُلَّما لَمْ يَكُنْ ذٰلِكَ الشَّيْءُ ثابِتًا كانَ المُدَّعَى ثابِتًا»، وَهُوَ حَقٌّ، وَإِنْ شِئْتَ قُلْتَ بِتَقْرِيرٍ آخَرَ: إِنَّ عَكْسَ تِلْكَ الشَّرْطِيَّةِ «لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الأَشْياءِ ثابِتًا فِي ضِمْنِ نَقِيضِ المُدَّعَى كانَ المُدَّعَى ثابِتًا». وَمِنْ مُجِيبٍ يُجِيبُ بِأَنَّ المُقَدَّمَ فِي العَكْسِ مُحالٌ، وَالمُحالُ جازَ أَنْ يَسْتَلْزِمَ نَقِيضَهُ. فَلا خُلْفَ. وَقَدْ وَقَعَ الإِطْنابُ فِي تَفْصِيلِ هٰذا البابِ؛ لِما أَنَّ الوَسائِلَ المُدَوَّنَةَ فِي هٰذا الفَنِّ الَّتِي جَرَتْ فِي زَمانِي هٰذا عادَةً قِراءَتُها خالِيَةٌ عَنْ تَفْصِيلِ بابِ المُغالَطَةِ، فَرَأَيْتُ أَنْ أُوَشِّحَ بِذِكْرِهِ رِسالَتِي هٰذِهِ؛ لِتَكُونَ نافِعَةً لِلمُتَعَلِّمِينَ، مُفِيدَةً لِلطّالِبِينَ.

If no were true, “Zayd is standing” would not be true; and whenever “Zayd is standing” is not true, its , I mean “Zayd is not standing”, is true. This produces: whenever no proposition is true, “Zayd is not standing” is true; and yet it is one of the propositions. The resolution: the suppositions (taqādīr) taken in the , I mean your words “Whenever ‘Zayd is standing’ is not true, its contradictory, I mean ‘Zayd is not standing’, is true”, are either actual (wāqiʿiyya) or more general. If they are actual, its truth is granted, but [the 's case] is not included under it: for the judgement in the minor premise is only on hypothetical, non-actual suppositions, necessarily so, since that no proposition at all is true is among the impossible things. It is necessarily so because our saying “The Necessary [Being] exists”, or “is hearing”, or “is seeing” is necessarily true, so its not being true is impossible. If the suppositions of the major premise are more general, we do not grant its universality: for the falsity of a thing entails the truth of its contradictory only in actuality, since on an impossible supposition both contradictories may be false together, because the impossible may entail another impossible. Close to this fallacy is the fallacy of general application, by which any claim you like can be proved, whether true or false. We say: the claim holds; for if the claim did not hold, its contradictory would hold; and whenever its contradictory holds, something holds. This produces: if the claim did not hold, something would hold. By (ʿaks al-naqīḍ) this to: if nothing held, the claim would hold; and yet [the claim] is something. This is absurd (khulf). Thinkers have been perplexed in resolving it. Some say: we do not grant that this converts by this conversion into that conditional. How could it, when the “thing” in the original and in the converse differ in generality and specificity? Rather, the converse of this conditional is our saying: “Whenever that thing does not hold, the claim holds”, and that is true. Or, if you like, put it another way: the converse of that conditional is “If nothing held within the contradictory of the claim, the claim would hold.” Others answer that the in the converse is impossible, and the impossible may entail its contradictory; so nothing absurd follows. This chapter has been treated at length because the handbooks written in this which it is customary to read in this time of mine lack a detailed treatment of the chapter on (mughālaṭa). So I saw fit to adorn this treatise of mine with it, so that it may benefit learners and be useful to students.

al-Mirqāt · p. 60

فَصْلٌ

وَلا بُدَّ أَنْ يُعْلَمَ أَنَّهُ إِذا كانَ إِحْدَى مُقَدِّمَتَيِ القِياسِ غَيْرَ بُرْهانِيَّةٍ، بَلْ كانَتْ جَدَلِيَّةً أَوْ خَطابِيَّةً أَوْ شِعْرِيَّةً أَوْ غَيْرَها، كانَ القِياسُ أَيْضًا غَيْرَ بُرْهانِيٍّ، وَكَذا الكَلامُ فِي القِياسِ الجَدَلِيِّ وَنَظائِرِهِ. وَبِالجُمْلَةِ المُؤَلَّفُ مِنَ الرّاجِحِ وَالمَرْجُوحِ مَرْجُوحٌ. وَهٰهُنا قَدْ تَمَّ بَحْثُ الصِّناعاتِ الخَمْسِ، وَبِهِ تَمَّ مَقاصِدُ الفَنِّ بِنَوْعَيْهِ، أَعْنِي المُوصِلَ إِلَى التَّصَوُّرِ وَالمُوصِلَ إِلَى التَّصْدِيقِ.

It must be known that if one of the two of a is not demonstrative, but is dialectical, rhetorical, poetic or something else, the syllogism too is not demonstrative; and the same holds for the dialectical syllogism and its counterparts. In short, what is composed of the stronger and the weaker is weaker. Here the discussion of the is complete, and with it the aims of the art in both its kinds are complete, I mean what leads to and what leads to .

al-Mirqāt · p. 62

Test yourself

3 questions on what the commentary explains. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

  1. Question 1

    “If no proposition were true, ‘Zayd is not standing’ would be true; yet it is a proposition.” On which point does al-Mirqāt's resolution of this puzzle rest?

  2. Question 2

    By the “fallacy of general application” any claim could be proved. What is one answer al-Mirqāt reports?

  3. Question 3

    One premise of a syllogism is demonstrative and the other rhetorical. What is the syllogism, according to al-Mirqāt?

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