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Conditional and exceptive syllogisms

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Indian path · level 2 · al-Mirqāt · Lesson 18 of 25

Conditional and exceptive syllogisms

Syllogism

القِيَاس

Arabic text after the print of Deoband after 1336/1917 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Mirqāt المِرْقاة

Faḍl-i Imām Khayrābādī (d. 1243 or 1244/1828–29)

Text
Arabic: al-Mirqāt, with al-Shīrkūtī's gloss al-Mirʾāt (gloss not reproduced), checked against the Delhi print of 1286/1869 (Sayyid al-Maṭābiʿ); vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft), Kutub Khāna Iʿzāziyya, Deoband after 1336/1917 View the scan
Translation
The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review
Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text Faḍl-i Imām Khayrābādī

فصل في الاقترانيات من الشرطيات

وحالُها في انْعِقادِ الأشْكالِ الأرْبَعَةِ والضُّرُوبِ المُنْتِجَةِ والشَّرائِطِ المُعْتَبَرَةِ كحالِ الاقْتِرانِيّاتِ مِنَ الحَمْلِيّاتِ سَواءً بسَواءٍ. مِثالُ الشَّكْلِ الأوَّلِ في المُتَّصِلَةِ: «كُلَّما كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ حَيَوانًا، وكُلَّما كانَ حَيَوانًا كانَ جِسْمًا» يُنْتِجُ: «كُلَّما كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ جِسْمًا». مِثالُ الشَّكْلِ الثّانِي: «كُلَّما كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ حَيَوانًا، ولَيْسَ البَتَّةَ إذا كانَ حَجَرًا كانَ حَيَوانًا» يُنْتِجُ: «لَيْسَ البَتَّةَ إنْ كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ حَجَرًا». مِثالُ الثّالِثِ مِنْها: «كُلَّما كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ حَيَوانًا، وكُلَّما كانَ زَيْدٌ إنْسانًا كانَ كاتِبًا» يُنْتِجُ: «قد يَكُونُ إذا كانَ زَيْدٌ حَيَوانًا كانَ كاتِبًا». وأمّا الاقْتِرانِيُّ الشَّرْطِيُّ المُؤَلَّفُ مِنَ المُنْفَصِلاتِ فمِثالُهُ مِنَ الشَّكْلِ الأوَّلِ: «إمّا كُلُّ ا ب أو كُلُّ ج د، ودائِمًا كُلُّ د ه أو كُلُّ د ز» يُنْتِجُ: «دائِمًا إمّا كُلُّ ا ب أو كُلُّ ج ه أو كُلُّ د ز». وأمّا الاقْتِرانِيُّ الشَّرْطِيُّ المُرَكَّبُ مِن حَمْلِيَّةٍ ومُتَّصِلَةٍ فكقَوْلِنا: «كُلَّما كانَ ب ج فكُلُّ ج [د]، وكُلُّ [د] ا» يُنْتِجُ: «كُلَّما كانَ ب ج فكُلُّ ج ا». وعلى هذا القِياسِ باقِي التَّرْكِيباتِ.

Their state in forming the four , in the and in the conditions that count, is exactly like that of the syllogisms made of . An example of the first figure with : “Whenever Zayd is a human, he is an animal; and whenever he is an animal, he is a body”, which produces “Whenever Zayd is a human, he is a body.” An example of the second figure: “Whenever Zayd is a human, he is an animal; and never at all, if he is a stone, is he an animal”, which produces “Never at all, if Zayd is a human, is he a stone.” An example of the third of them: “Whenever Zayd is a human, he is an animal; and whenever Zayd is a human, he is a writer”, which produces “Sometimes, if Zayd is an animal, he is a writer.” As for the conjunctive composed of , its example in the first figure is: “Either every A is B or every J is D; and always, every D is H or every D is Z”, which produces “Always, either every A is B or every J is H or every D is Z.” As for the conjunctive conditional syllogism composed of a categorical and a connective, it is as when we say: “Whenever B is J, then every J is [D]; and every [D] is A”, which produces “Whenever B is J, then every J is A.” The remaining combinations go by this .

al-Mirqāt · p. 42

فصل في القياس الاستثنائي

وهو مُرَكَّبٌ مِن مُقَدِّمَتَيْنِ، أي قَضِيَّتَيْنِ، إحْداهُما شَرْطِيَّةٌ والأُخْرى حَمْلِيَّةٌ، ويَتَخَلَّلُ بَيْنَهُما كَلِمَةُ الاسْتِثْناءِ، أعْنِي «إلّا» وأخَواتِها، ومِن ثَمَّ يُسَمّى اسْتِثْنائِيًّا. فإنْ كانَتِ الشَّرْطِيَّةُ مُتَّصِلَةً فاسْتِثْناءُ عَيْنِ المُقَدَّمِ يُنْتِجُ عَيْنَ التّالِي، واسْتِثْناءُ نَقِيضِ التّالِي يُنْتِجُ رَفْعَ المُقَدَّمِ، كما تَقُولُ: «كُلَّما كانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طالِعَةً كانَ النَّهارُ مَوْجُودًا، لكِنَّ الشَّمْسَ طالِعَةٌ» يُنْتِجُ: «فالنَّهارُ مَوْجُودٌ»، «لكِنَّ النَّهارَ لَيْسَ بمَوْجُودٍ» يُنْتِجُ: «فالشَّمْسُ لَيْسَتْ بطالِعَةٍ». وإنْ كانَتْ مُنْفَصِلَةً حَقِيقِيَّةً فاسْتِثْناءُ عَيْنِ أحَدِهِما يُنْتِجُ نَقِيضَ الآخَرِ، وبالعَكْسِ؛ وفي مانِعَةِ الجَمْعِ يُنْتِجُ القِسْمُ الأوَّلُ دُونَ الثّانِي، وفي مانِعَةِ الخُلُوِّ القِسْمُ الثّانِي دُونَ الأوَّلِ. وهٰهُنا قَدِ انْتَهَتْ مَباحِثُ القِياسِ بالقَوْلِ المُجْمَلِ، والتَّفْصِيلُ مَوْكُولٌ إلى الكُتُبِ الطِّوالِ، والآنَ نَذْكُرُ طَرَفًا مِن لَواحِقِ القِياسِ.

It is composed of two , that is, two , one of them and the other , with the particle of exception, I mean “illā” (“except”) and its sisters, coming between them; for this reason it is called . If the conditional is a , affirming the itself produces the itself, and affirming the of the consequent produces the removal of the antecedent. As you say: “Whenever the sun is up, it is day; but the sun is up”, which produces “so it is day”; [or] “but it is not day”, which produces “so the sun is not up”. If it is a real , affirming one of the two [parts] itself produces the contradictory of the other, and the reverse [holds too]. In one excluding being together (māniʿat al-jamʿ), the first case produces, not the second; and in one excluding being absent together (māniʿat al-khuluww), the second case produces, not the first. Here the discussions of the have come to an end, in summary form; the details are left to the long books. Now we shall mention some of what attaches to the syllogism.

al-Mirqāt · p. 42

Test yourself

3 questions on what the commentary explains. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

  1. Question 1

    How do conjunctive syllogisms made of conditionals form their figures, according to al-Mirqāt?

  2. Question 2

    “Whenever the sun is up, it is day; but it is not day.” What follows, according to al-Mirqāt?

  3. Question 3

    In an exceptive syllogism whose disjunctive excludes being together (māniʿat al-jamʿ), which inference holds?

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