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Ottoman path · level 2 · Sharḥ Īsāghūjī · Lesson 17 of 17

The other four arts

The five arts · Matn 55–59

الصِّنَاعَات الخَمْس

Arabic text after the print of Beirut · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

Sharḥ Īsāghūjī شَرْحُ إِيساغُوجِي

Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Kātī (d. ca. 760/1359)

Text
Arabic: Sharḥ matn al-Īsāghūjī fī al-manṭiq, with notes by Qāsim Naʿīm al-Ḥanafī (not reproduced), Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, Beirut View the scan
Translation
The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review
Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The matn

وَالْجَدَلُ هُوَ: قِيَاسٌ مُؤَلَّفٌ مِنْ مُقَدِّمَاتٍ مَشْهُورَةٍ أَوْ مُسَلَّمَةٍ عِنْدَ النَّاسِ أَوْ عِنْدَ الْخَصْمَيْنِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: الْعَدْلُ حَسَنٌ، وَالظُّلْمُ قَبِيحٌ.

is a composed of that are widely accepted, or conceded among people or between two disputants, as in “Justice is good, and injustice is bad.”

Sentence 55

وَالْخَطَابَةُ هِيَ: قِيَاسٌ مُؤَلَّفٌ مِنْ مُقَدِّمَاتٍ مَقْبُولَةٍ مِنْ شَخْصٍ مُعْتَقَدٍ فِيهِ أَوْ مَظْنُونَةٍ.

is a composed of accepted from a person one trusts, or merely probable.

Sentence 56

وَالشِّعْرُ: قِيَاسٌ مُؤَلَّفٌ مِنْ مُقَدِّمَاتٍ مَقْبُولَةٍ مُتَخَيَّلَةٍ تَنْبَسِطُ مِنْهَا النَّفْسُ أَوْ تَنْقَبِضُ.

is a composed of accepted, at which the soul expands or contracts.

Sentence 57

وَالْمُغَالَطَةُ: قِيَاسٌ مُؤَلَّفٌ مِنْ مُقَدِّمَاتٍ كَاذِبَةٍ شَبِيهَةٍ بِالْحَقِّ أَوْ بِالْمَشْهُورِ، أَوْ مِنْ مُقَدِّمَاتٍ وَهْمِيَّةٍ كَاذِبَةٍ.

is a composed of false that resemble the truth or what is widely accepted, or of false premises of the faculty.

Sentence 58

وَالْعُمْدَةُ هُوَ الْبُرْهَانُ لَا غَيْرُ. انْتَهَى.

What can be relied on is , and nothing else. The end.

Sentence 59

The commentary Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Kātī

قالَ: والجدلُ: قياسٌ مُؤلّفٌ من مُقدّماتٍ مشهورةٍ، والخطابةُ: قياسٌ مُؤلّفٌ من مُقدّماتٍ مقبولةٍ من شَخْصٍ مُعتَقَدٍ فيه، أو مظنونة، والشِّعرُ: قياسٌ مُؤلّفٌ من مقدماتٍ مُتخيَّلةٍ تَنْبسطُ منها النَّفسُ نحو: الخمرُ ياقوتةٌ سَيَّالَةٌ، أو تَنقبضُ نحو: العَسلُ مُرَّةٌ مُهوِّعةٌ، والمغالطةُ: قياسٌ مُؤلّفٌ من مُقدِّماتٍ كاذبةٍ شبيهةٍ بالحقِ، أو مُقدِّماتٍ وهميةٍ كاذبةٍ، والعَمدةُ هو البُرهانُ لا غيرُ، وَليكُنْ هذا آخرَ الرِّسالةِ.

أَقُولُ: من الاصطلاحاتِ المنطقيَّةِ المذكورةِ الجَدلُ: وهو قياسٌ مؤلّفٌ من مقدِّماتٍ مشهورةٍ كالمقدِّماتِ التي ذكرناها في اليقينيَّات، والغرَضُ من ترتيبها إلزامُ الخصم، وهو ظاهرٌ، ومنها الخَطَابَة: وهو قياسٌ مؤلّفٌ من مقدماتٍ مقبولةٍ من شخصٍ مُعتَقَدٍ فيه، أو مظنونة، والغرضُ منهما ترغيبُ الناسِ فيما يَنفعُهم من أمورِ معاشِهم كما يفعلُهُ الخُطباءُ والوُعَّاظُ، ومنها الشِّعرُ: وهو قياسٌ مُؤلّفٌ من مقدِّماتٍ تنبسطُ منها النفسُ، أو تنقبضُ كما إذا قيلَ: الخمرُ ياقوتةٌ سيَّالةٌ انبسطت النَّفسُ ورغبتْ في شربها، وإذا قيل: العسلُ مُرَّةٌ مُهوِّعةٌ انقبضت النفسُ وتنفَّرت عن أكلها، ومنها المُغالطةُ: وهي قياسٌ مؤلّفٌ من مقدِّماتٍ كاذبةٍ شبيهةٍ بالحقِّ، أو بالمشهورةِ، أو من مقدّماتٍ وهميةٍ كاذبةٍ، والغلطُ: إمَّا من جهةِ الصُّورةِ، أو من جهةِ المعنى، أَمَّا ما يكونُ من جهةِ الصورةِ فكقولنا لصورةِ الفرسِ المنقوشةِ على الجدارِ: إنَّها فرسٌ وكلُّ فرسٍ صَهَّالٌ، ينتجُ أن تلك الصورةَ صهَّالة، وأمَّا ما يكون من جهةِ المعنى فكقولنا: كلُّ إنسانٍ وفرسٍ فهو إنسانٌ، وكلُّ إنسانٍ وفرسٍ فهو فرسٌ، ينتجُ بعضُ الإنسانِ فرسٌ. اعلم أَنَّ ما عليه الاعتمادُ والتَّعويلُ من هذه القياسات إنما هو البرهانُ، لكونهِ مُركَّباً من المقدّماتِ اليقينيَّة، وليكنْ هذا آخرَ ما كتبناهُ من الأوراقِ لإيضاح ما في كتابِ إيساغوجي.

Among the logical terms mentioned is (jadal): a composed of widely accepted , like the premises we mentioned among the ; the purpose of arranging them is to silence the opponent, and that is clear. Among them is (khaṭāba): a syllogism composed of premises “accepted from a person one trusts, or merely probable”. The purpose of both [kinds] is to make people desire what benefits them in the affairs of their livelihood, as preachers and admonishers do. Among them is (shiʿr): a syllogism composed of premises at which the soul expands or contracts. When it is said “Wine is a flowing ruby”, the soul expands and desires to drink it; and when it is said “Honey is bitter and makes one vomit”, the soul contracts and turns away from eating it. Among them is (mughālaṭa): a syllogism composed of false premises that resemble the truth or what is widely accepted, or of false premises of the faculty. The error comes either from the side of form or from the side of meaning. From the side of form, as when we say of the picture of a horse painted on a wall: “It is a horse, and every horse neighs”, which produces “That picture neighs.” From the side of meaning, as when we say: “Everything that is a human and a horse is a human, and everything that is a human and a horse is a horse”, which produces “Some human is a horse.” Know that, of these syllogisms, what can be relied and depended on is alone, because it is composed of certain premises. Let this be the end of what we have written on these pages to make clear what is in the book .

Sharḥ Īsāghūjī · p. 75

Test yourself

3 questions on what the commentary explains. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

  1. Question 1

    What, according to al-Kātī, is the purpose of arranging premises in dialectic?

  2. Question 2

    “It is a horse, and every horse neighs”, said of a horse painted on a wall, so “that picture neighs”. Where does al-Kātī locate the error of this sophistry?

  3. Question 3

    How does al-Kātī illustrate the premises of poetics?

    الخمرُ ياقوتةٌ سيَّالةٌ

This was the last lesson of track 2.

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