The Mantiqi

ابحث بالعربية أو بالنقل الحرفي، بالتشكيل أو بدونه.

    الإِعْدادات

    النقل الحرفي
    الحركات (التَّشْكِيل)
    التاريخ الهجري أولًا
    الوَضْعُ الدّاكِن
    الخَطُّ العَرَبِيّ

    اللغة

    الترجمات مسوّدات، مثل النصّ الإنجليزي، حتى يراجعها مُعَلِّم.

    الرئيسية / Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam / الدَّرْسُ 10 مِنْ 18

    مُقْفَل

    Contradiction

    العَوْدَةُ إِلَى Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam

    المَسارُ المَغارِبِيّ · المُسْتَوَى 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · الدَّرْسُ 10 مِنْ 18

    Contradiction

    Propositions · al-tanāquḍ · ص 79–81

    التَّناقُضُ

    مسوّدة · بانتظار المراجعة

    دُرُوسُنا الخاصَّةُ مَعَ نُقُولٍ مِنْ طَبْعَةِ Cairo 1324/1906 · تَرْجَمَةُ The Mantiqi، مُسَوَّدَة

    عَنْ هٰذا النَّصّ

    Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ

    Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)

    النَّصّ
    العَرَبِيَّة: المَقاطِعُ المَنْقُولَةُ فِي الدُّرُوس، نَقَلَها The Mantiqi مِنْ هٰذِهِ الطَّبْعَة (وَلا يُنْقَلُ النَّصُّ كُلُّه): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) اعْرِضِ الصُّورَة
    تَتْبَعُ الدُّرُوس
    الدُّرُوسُ شَرْحُ The Mantiqi الخاصُّ لِلسُّلَّمِ بَيْتًا بَيْتًا، عَلَى أَثَرِ Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī؛ وَيُنْقَلُ كَلامُهُ حَيْثُ يَكُونُ أَهَمّ.
    التَّرْجَمَة
    مِنْ عَمَلِ The Mantiqi؛ مُسَوَّدَة.
    المُراجَعَة
    مُسَوَّدَة، بِانْتِظارِ مُراجَعَةِ Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

    بِكَلامِ Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī

    تَحْتاجُ لُغَةً أُخْرَى؟ «تَرْجَمَةُ Google» تَفْتَحُ المَقْطَعَ فِي التَّرْجَمَةِ الآلِيَّةِ مِنْ Google — مُفِيدَةٌ لِفِكْرَةٍ أُولَى، لٰكِنَّنا لَمْ نُراجِعْها. أَوِ انْسَخِ النَّصَّ إِلَى مُتَرْجِمٍ تَخْتارُه.

    مَنْقُولٌ مِنَ النَّصِّ بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة فِي Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906

    وَمَعْنَى التَّناقُضِ لُغَةً إِثْباتُ الشَّيْءِ وَرَفْعُهُ، وَاصْطِلاحًا ما ذَكَرَهُ المُصَنِّفُ … وَقَوْلُهُ خُلْفُ القَضِيَّتَيْنِ إِلَخْ: الخُلْفُ اسْمُ مَصْدَرٍ بِمَعْنَى الاخْتِلافِ، وَهُوَ جِنْسٌ دَخَلَ فِيهِ جَمِيعُ الاخْتِلافاتِ، وَخَرَجَ بِإِضافَتِهِ إِلَى القَضِيَّتَيْنِ خُلْفُ غَيْرِهِما مِنَ المُرَكَّباتِ الإِنْشائِيَّةِ كَقُمْ لا تَقُمْ، أَوِ المُرَكَّباتِ الإِضافِيَّةِ كَغُلامِ زَيْدٍ لا غُلامِ زَيْدٍ، وَالمُفْرَداتِ كَزَيْدٍ لا زَيْدٍ.

    In the language, contradiction (tanāquḍ) means affirming a thing and lifting it; as a technical term, it is what the author gives … His words “the difference (khulf) of two propositions”: khulf is a verbal noun meaning difference, a genus that takes in every kind of difference; adding “of two propositions” leaves out the difference of other things — performative compounds like “Stand! Do not stand!”, possessive compounds like “Zayd's servant, not Zayd's servant”, and single words like “Zayd, not Zayd”.

    ص 79

    وَإِنَّما لَمْ يَكُنْ نَقِيضُ المُوجِبَةِ الكُلِّيَّةِ سالِبَةً كُلِّيَّةً لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ كانَ كَذٰلِكَ لَجازَ كَذِبُهُما مَعًا، كَما فِي قَوْلِكَ: كُلُّ حَيَوانٍ إِنْسانٌ، لا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَيَوانِ بِإِنْسانٍ، وَالنَّقِيضانِ لا يَكْذِبانِ مَعًا.

    The contradictory of a universal affirmative is not a universal negative, because if it were, both could be false together, as in “Every animal is a human” and “No animal is a human”; and two contradictories are never false together.

    ص 81

    الدَّرْس

    The Sullam defines as the difference of two such that one must be true and the other false. Al-Bājūrī gives its sense in the language first: affirming a thing and lifting it.

    He then reads the poem's word for difference, khulf: it is a covering every kind of difference, and “of two ” narrows it. Two commands (“Stand! Do not stand!”), two possessive phrases (“Zayd's servant, not Zayd's servant”) or two single words (“Zayd, not Zayd”) differ, but they are not contradictories, since none of them is true or false.

    On the rules he explains why the of “every A is B” is “some A is not B”, not “no A is B”: the could be false together with the — “Every animal is a human” and “No animal is a human” are both false — and two contradictories are never false together.

    المُصْطَلَحات

    التَّناقُضُ al-tanāquḍ
    contradiction: two propositions of which one must be true and the other false
    الخُلْفُ al-khulf
    difference (a verbal noun)
    النَّقِيضانِ al-naqīḍān
    the two contradictories

    الأَمْثِلَة

    • كُلُّ حَيَوانٍ إِنْسانٌ / لا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَيَوانِ بِإِنْسانٍ

      both false: so the universal negative is not the contradictory of the universal affirmative

    اخْتَبِرْ نَفْسَك

    عَدَدُ الأَسْئِلَةِ عَلَى هٰذا الدَّرْسِ 3. بِسِتَّةٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةٍ فَأَكْثَرَ (نَجْمَتَيْن) يُفْتَحُ الدَّرْسُ التّالِي.

    1. السؤال 1

      What does contradiction mean in the language, according to al-Bājūrī?

    2. السؤال 2

      Why are “Stand! Do not stand!” not contradictories?

    3. السؤال 3

      Why is “No animal is a human” not the contradictory of “Every animal is a human”?

    الدَّرْسُ التّالِي: Conversion

    تابِع ←