خانه / Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam / درس 10 از 18
قفل
Contradiction
بازگشت به Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullamمسیر مغربی · سطح 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · درس 10 از 18
Contradiction
Propositions · al-tanāquḍ · ص 79–81
التَّناقُضُ
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
درس‌های خود ما با نقل‌هایی از چاپ Cairo 1324/1906 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- متن
- عربی: بخش‌هایی که در درس‌ها نقل شده، رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ (همهٔ متن نقل نمی‌شود): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi بر سلم است، بیت به بیت، به پیروی از Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī؛ سخنانش هر جا مهم‌تر است نقل می‌شود.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
به سخن Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
نقل‌شده از متن عربی Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
وَمَعْنَى التَّناقُضِ لُغَةً إِثْباتُ الشَّيْءِ وَرَفْعُهُ، وَاصْطِلاحًا ما ذَكَرَهُ المُصَنِّفُ … وَقَوْلُهُ خُلْفُ القَضِيَّتَيْنِ إِلَخْ: الخُلْفُ اسْمُ مَصْدَرٍ بِمَعْنَى الاخْتِلافِ، وَهُوَ جِنْسٌ دَخَلَ فِيهِ جَمِيعُ الاخْتِلافاتِ، وَخَرَجَ بِإِضافَتِهِ إِلَى القَضِيَّتَيْنِ خُلْفُ غَيْرِهِما مِنَ المُرَكَّباتِ الإِنْشائِيَّةِ كَقُمْ لا تَقُمْ، أَوِ المُرَكَّباتِ الإِضافِيَّةِ كَغُلامِ زَيْدٍ لا غُلامِ زَيْدٍ، وَالمُفْرَداتِ كَزَيْدٍ لا زَيْدٍ.
In the language, contradiction (tanāquḍ) means affirming a thing and lifting it; as a technical term, it is what the author gives … His words “the difference (khulf) of two propositions”: khulf is a verbal noun meaning difference, a genus that takes in every kind of difference; adding “of two propositions” leaves out the difference of other things — performative compounds like “Stand! Do not stand!”, possessive compounds like “Zayd's servant, not Zayd's servant”, and single words like “Zayd, not Zayd”.
وَإِنَّما لَمْ يَكُنْ نَقِيضُ المُوجِبَةِ الكُلِّيَّةِ سالِبَةً كُلِّيَّةً لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ كانَ كَذٰلِكَ لَجازَ كَذِبُهُما مَعًا، كَما فِي قَوْلِكَ: كُلُّ حَيَوانٍ إِنْسانٌ، لا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَيَوانِ بِإِنْسانٍ، وَالنَّقِيضانِ لا يَكْذِبانِ مَعًا.
The contradictory of a universal affirmative is not a universal negative, because if it were, both could be false together, as in “Every animal is a human” and “No animal is a human”; and two contradictories are never false together.
درس
The Sullam defines as the difference of two such that one must be true and the other false. Al-Bājūrī gives its sense in the language first: affirming a thing and lifting it.
He then reads the poem's word for difference, khulf: it is a covering every kind of difference, and “of two ” narrows it. Two commands (“Stand! Do not stand!”), two possessive phrases (“Zayd's servant, not Zayd's servant”) or two single words (“Zayd, not Zayd”) differ, but they are not contradictories, since none of them is true or false.
On the rules he explains why the of “every A is B” is “some A is not B”, not “no A is B”: the could be false together with the — “Every animal is a human” and “No animal is a human” are both false — and two contradictories are never false together.
اصطلاحات
- التَّناقُضُ al-tanāquḍ
- contradiction: two propositions of which one must be true and the other false
- الخُلْفُ al-khulf
- difference (a verbal noun)
- النَّقِيضانِ al-naqīḍān
- the two contradictories
مثال‌ها
كُلُّ حَيَوانٍ إِنْسانٌ / لا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَيَوانِ بِإِنْسانٍ
both false: so the universal negative is not the contradictory of the universal affirmative
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
What does contradiction mean in the language, according to al-Bājūrī?
“In the language, contradiction means affirming a thing and lifting it.”
پرسش 2
Why are “Stand! Do not stand!” not contradictories?
Adding “of two propositions” leaves out the difference of performative compounds like “Stand! Do not stand!”.
پرسش 3
Why is “No animal is a human” not the contradictory of “Every animal is a human”?
Both are false, and “two contradictories are never false together”; so the contradictory is the particular negative.
درس بعدی: Conversion
ادامه ←