Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Урок 3 из 16
3
Universal and particular; the four relations
Пять универсалий
الكُلِّيَّات الخَمْس
Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
A (mafhūm), if supposing it to be true of many is impossible, is (juzʾī); otherwise it is (kullī) — whether its instances are impossible; or possible but not found; or only one is found, while another is possible, or impossible; or many are found, finite or infinite in number.
Two , if they part entirely, are distinct (mutabāyin). If not: if each is true of everything the other is true of, they are equal (mutasāwī), and so are their contradictories; if this holds on one side only, they are more general and more absolutely, and their contradictories the other way round; otherwise they are more general and more particular in one respect, and between their contradictories there is a partial distinctness, as between two distinct universals.
“Particular” is sometimes said of the more specific, and this is more general.
Вопросов: 3 — о том, что объясняет комментарий. С 6 из 10 и выше (две звезды) открывается следующий урок.
Вопрос 1
“The partner of God” is a universal concept although it has no instance. Why?
A concept is particular if supposing it true of many is impossible; otherwise it is universal — even if its instances are impossible, possible but not found, or only one exists.
Вопрос 2
“Human” and “rational” are true of exactly the same things. What is the relation between them, and between their contradictories?
If each is true of everything the other is true of, they are equal (mutasāwiyān), “and so are their contradictories”.
Вопрос 3
What lies between the contradictories of two universals that are general and particular in one respect, like “animal” and “white”?
For the relation in one respect, “between their contradictories there is a partial distinctness, as between two distinct universals”.
Следующий урок: The five universals: genus and species