Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Урок 4 из 16
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The five universals: genus and species
Пять универсалий
الكُلِّيَّات الخَمْس
Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
The are five. The first is the (jins): what is said of a multitude differing in their in answer to “What is it?”. If the answer about the and about some of what shares the genus with it is also the answer about it and about all that shares it, the genus is near (qarīb), like “animal”; otherwise it is (baʿīd), like “growing body”.
The second is the (nawʿ): what is said of a multitude agreeing in their in answer to “What is it?”. It is also said of a of which, and of other things, the is said in answer to “What is it?”. This species is specially called relative (iḍāfī), as the first is called real (ḥaqīqī). Between the two there is generality in one respect, since both are true of “human”, and they part in “animal” and in “the point”.
The genera are ordered ascending to the highest, which is called the genus of genera; the species may be ordered descending to the lowest, which is called the species of species; and what lies between them are intermediates.
Вопросов: 3 — о том, что объясняет комментарий. С 6 из 10 и выше (две звезды) открывается следующий урок.
Вопрос 1
Why is “animal” a near genus of “human” while “growing body” is a remote one?
The genus is near if it is the answer about the quiddity and about all that shares in it; otherwise it is remote.
Вопрос 2
The Tahdhīb distinguishes the real species (ḥaqīqī) from the relative species (iḍāfī). What is the relation between them?
“Between them there is generality in one respect, since both are true of ‘human’, and they part in ‘animal’ and in ‘the point’.”
Вопрос 3
What is the “species of species” (nawʿ al-anwāʿ)?
The genera ascend to the highest, the genus of genera; the species may descend to the lowest, the species of species; what lies between are intermediates.
Следующий урок: Differentia, property and accident; the three universals