Words and meanings; request and report

Conceptions · nisbat al-alfāẓ li-l-maʿānī · p. 23

نِسْبَةُ الْأَلْفَاظِ لِلْمَعَانِي

Concept · nog niet nagekeken

Tekst in het Arabisch naar de druk van Jakarta 1434/2013 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept

Over deze tekst

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Tekst: Arabisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Bekijk de scan
De lessen volgen: De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi, hoofdstuk voor hoofdstuk van de tekst zelf.
Vertaling: Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
Controle: Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

De tekst

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Lees de hele tekst in het Arabisch →

Origineel in het Arabisch, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

وَنِسْبَةُ الْأَلْفَاظِ لِلْمَعَانِيخَمْسَةُ أَقْسَامٍ بِلَا نُقْصَانِ

تَوَاطُؤٌ تَشَاكُكٌ تَخَالُفُوَالِاشْتِرَاكُ عَكْسُهُ التَّرَادُفُ

The relation of words to meanings is of five kinds, nothing lacking: univocal, graded, distinct, equivocal, and its opposite, synonymous.

Google Translate ↗p. 23

وَاللَّفْظُ إِمَّا طَلَبٌ أَوْ خَبَرُوَأَوَّلٌ ثَلَاثَةٌ سَتُذْكَرُ

أَمْرٌ مَعَ اسْتِعْلَا وَعَكْسُهُ دُعَاوَفِي التَّسَاوِي فَالْتِمَاسٌ وَقَعَا

Speech is either a request or a report. The first is of three kinds, to be named: a command, with superiority; its opposite, a supplication; and between equals it is called a request (iltimās).

Google Translate ↗p. 23

De les

Words stand to meanings in five ways. Univocal (tawāṭuʾ): one meaning found equally in all it applies to, like “man” for Zayd and ʿAmr. Graded (tashākuk): one meaning found more in some than in others, like “white” for snow and for ivory. Distinct (takhāluf): different words for different meanings, like “man” and “horse”. Equivocal (ishtirāk): one word for several meanings, like “ʿayn”. Synonymous (tarāduf), its opposite: several words for one meaning, like “layth” and “asad”.

Speech is either a report (khabar), which can be true or false, or a request (ṭalab). A request from above is a command (amr); from below, a supplication (duʿāʾ); between equals, a request in the narrow sense (iltimās).

Begrippen

التَّوَاطُؤُ al-tawāṭuʾ: univocal: one meaning, equally
التَّشَاكُكُ al-tashākuk: graded: one meaning, more and less
التَّخَالُفُ al-takhāluf: distinct: different words, different meanings
الِاشْتِرَاكُ al-ishtirāk: equivocal: one word, several meanings
التَّرَادُفُ al-tarāduf: synonymous: several words, one meaning
الْأَمْرُ / الدُّعَاءُ / الِالْتِمَاسُ al-amr / al-duʿāʾ / al-iltimās: command / supplication / request between equals

Voorbeelden

أَمْرٌ مَعَ اسْتِعْلَا وَعَكْسُهُ دُعَا
a command comes from above; its opposite is a supplication

Test jezelf

3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.

Vraag 1
“White” said of snow and of ivory, more of one than the other, is…
Vraag 2
A request addressed by an equal to an equal is called…
Vraag 3
“ʿAyn” for eye, spring and essence is…

Volgende les: Whole and universal, part and particular

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