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Words and meanings; request and report
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Words and meanings; request and report
Conceptions · nisbat al-alfāẓ li-l-maʿānī · с. 23
نِسْبَةُ الْأَلْفَاظِ لِلْمَعَانِي
Черновик · ждёт проверки
Арабский текст по изданию Jakarta 1434/2013 · перевод The Mantiqi, черновик
Об этом тексте
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- Текст
- Арабский, переписан The Mantiqi с этого издания: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Посмотреть скан
- Уроки идут по
- Уроки — собственные объяснения The Mantiqi, глава за главой самого текста.
- Перевод
- Собственный перевод The Mantiqi; черновик.
- Проверка
- Черновик, ожидает проверки: Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Текст
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Оригинал на арабском, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
وَنِسْبَةُ الْأَلْفَاظِ لِلْمَعَانِيخَمْسَةُ أَقْسَامٍ بِلَا نُقْصَانِ
تَوَاطُؤٌ تَشَاكُكٌ تَخَالُفُوَالِاشْتِرَاكُ عَكْسُهُ التَّرَادُفُ
The relation of words to meanings is of five kinds, nothing lacking: univocal, graded, distinct, equivocal, and its opposite, synonymous.
Google Переводчик ↗с. 23
وَاللَّفْظُ إِمَّا طَلَبٌ أَوْ خَبَرُوَأَوَّلٌ ثَلَاثَةٌ سَتُذْكَرُ
أَمْرٌ مَعَ اسْتِعْلَا وَعَكْسُهُ دُعَاوَفِي التَّسَاوِي فَالْتِمَاسٌ وَقَعَا
Speech is either a request or a report. The first is of three kinds, to be named: a command, with superiority; its opposite, a supplication; and between equals it is called a request (iltimās).
Google Переводчик ↗с. 23
Урок
Words stand to meanings in five ways. Univocal (tawāṭuʾ): one meaning found equally in all it applies to, like “man” for Zayd and ʿAmr. Graded (tashākuk): one meaning found more in some than in others, like “white” for snow and for ivory. Distinct (takhāluf): different words for different meanings, like “man” and “horse”. Equivocal (ishtirāk): one word for several meanings, like “ʿayn”. Synonymous (tarāduf), its opposite: several words for one meaning, like “layth” and “asad”.
Speech is either a report (khabar), which can be true or false, or a request (ṭalab). A request from above is a command (amr); from below, a supplication (duʿāʾ); between equals, a request in the narrow sense (iltimās).
Понятия
- التَّوَاطُؤُ al-tawāṭuʾ
- univocal: one meaning, equally
- التَّشَاكُكُ al-tashākuk
- graded: one meaning, more and less
- التَّخَالُفُ al-takhāluf
- distinct: different words, different meanings
- الِاشْتِرَاكُ al-ishtirāk
- equivocal: one word, several meanings
- التَّرَادُفُ al-tarāduf
- synonymous: several words, one meaning
- الْأَمْرُ / الدُّعَاءُ / الِالْتِمَاسُ al-amr / al-duʿāʾ / al-iltimās
- command / supplication / request between equals
Примеры
أَمْرٌ مَعَ اسْتِعْلَا وَعَكْسُهُ دُعَا
a command comes from above; its opposite is a supplication
Проверьте себя
Вопросов по этому уроку: 3. С 6 из 10 и выше (две звезды) открывается следующий урок.
Вопрос 1
“White” said of snow and of ivory, more of one than the other, is…
One meaning found more strongly in some than in others is graded.
Вопрос 2
A request addressed by an equal to an equal is called…
With superiority it is a command, from below a supplication, and between equals iltimās.
Вопрос 3
“ʿAyn” for eye, spring and essence is…
One word with several meanings is equivocal.
Следующий урок: Whole and universal, part and particular
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