Words, universals and the five universals

Conceptions · mabāḥith al-alfāẓ · pp. 22–23

مَبَاحِثُ الْأَلْفَاظِ

Concept · nog niet nagekeken

Tekst in het Arabisch naar de druk van Jakarta 1434/2013 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept

Over deze tekst

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Tekst: Arabisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Bekijk de scan
De lessen volgen: De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi, hoofdstuk voor hoofdstuk van de tekst zelf.
Vertaling: Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
Controle: Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

De tekst

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Lees de hele tekst in het Arabisch →

Origineel in het Arabisch, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

مُسْتَعْمَلُ الْأَلْفَاظِ حَيْثُ يُوجَدُإِمَّا مُرَكَّبٌ وَإِمَّا مُفْرَدُ

فَأَوَّلٌ مَا دَلَّ جُزْؤُهُ عَلَىجُزْءِ مَعْنَاهُ بِعَكْسِ مَا تَلَا

Words in use, wherever they occur, are either composite or single. The first is that whose part signifies a part of its meaning; the opposite of this is what follows.

Google Translate ↗p. 22

وَهْوَ عَلَى قِسْمَيْنِ أَعْنِي الْمُفْرَدَاكُلِّيٌّ اَوْ جُزْئِيٌّ حَيْثُ وُجِدَا

فَمُفْهِمُ اشْتِرَاكٍ الْكُلِّيُّكَأَسَدٍ وَعَكْسُهُ الْجُزْئِيُّ

The single, I mean, is of two kinds wherever it is found: universal or particular. What conveys sharing is the universal, like “lion”; its opposite is the particular.

Google Translate ↗p. 22

وَأَوَّلًا لِلذَّاتِ إِنْ فِيهَا انْدَرَجْفَانْسُبْهُ أَوْ لِعَارِضٍ إِذَا خَرَجْ

وَالْكُلِّيَاتُ خَمْسَةٌ دُونَ انْتِقَاصْجِنْسٌ وَفَصْلٌ عَرَضٌ نَوْعٌ وَخَاصْ

وَأَوَّلٌ ثَلَاثَةٌ بِلَا شَطَطْجِنْسٌ قَرِيبٌ أَوْ بَعِيدٌ أَوْ وَسَطْ

First, ascribe it to the essence if it is included in it, or to an accident if it lies outside. The universals are five, nothing missing: genus, differentia, accident, species and property. The first is of three kinds, no exaggeration: near genus, far, or in between.

Google Translate ↗pp. 22–23

De les

A word in use is composite (murakkab) when a part of it signifies a part of its meaning, like “Zayd stands”; otherwise it is single (mufrad). A single word is (kullī) when its meaning can be shared, like “lion”, and (juzʾī) when it cannot, like “Zayd”.

A , compared with what falls under it, is (dhātī) when it is included in their , and (ʿaraḍī) when it lies outside. The universals are five: (jins), (faṣl), (ʿaraḍ), (nawʿ) and property (khāṣṣ). The genus is of three ranks: near, like animal for man; far, like substance; and in between, like body.

Begrippen

الْمُرَكَّبُ al-murakkab: composite: a part signifies a part of the meaning
الْمُفْرَدُ al-mufrad: single
الْكُلِّيُّ al-kullī: universal: its meaning can be shared
الْجُزْئِيُّ al-juzʾī: particular
الذَّاتِيُّ al-dhātī: essential: included in the essence
الْعَرَضِيُّ al-ʿaraḍī: accidental: outside the essence
الْكُلِّيَّاتُ الْخَمْسُ al-kulliyyāt al-khams: the five universals

Voorbeelden

كَأَسَدٍ
“lion”: a universal, its meaning shared by many
جِنْسٌ قَرِيبٌ أَوْ بَعِيدٌ أَوْ وَسَطْ
the genus: near, far or in between

Test jezelf

3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.

Vraag 1
Which example does the Sullam give of a universal?
Vraag 2
Which is NOT one of the five universals?
Vraag 3
A universal that lies outside the essence of what falls under it is…

Volgende les: Words and meanings; request and report

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