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Words, universals and the five universals
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Words, universals and the five universals
Conceptions · mabāḥith al-alfāẓ · с. 22–23
مَبَاحِثُ الْأَلْفَاظِ
Черновик · ждёт проверки
Арабский текст по изданию Jakarta 1434/2013 · перевод The Mantiqi, черновик
Об этом тексте
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- Текст
- Арабский, переписан The Mantiqi с этого издания: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Посмотреть скан
- Уроки идут по
- Уроки — собственные объяснения The Mantiqi, глава за главой самого текста.
- Перевод
- Собственный перевод The Mantiqi; черновик.
- Проверка
- Черновик, ожидает проверки: Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Текст
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Оригинал на арабском, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
مُسْتَعْمَلُ الْأَلْفَاظِ حَيْثُ يُوجَدُإِمَّا مُرَكَّبٌ وَإِمَّا مُفْرَدُ
فَأَوَّلٌ مَا دَلَّ جُزْؤُهُ عَلَىجُزْءِ مَعْنَاهُ بِعَكْسِ مَا تَلَا
Words in use, wherever they occur, are either composite or single. The first is that whose part signifies a part of its meaning; the opposite of this is what follows.
Google Переводчик ↗с. 22
وَهْوَ عَلَى قِسْمَيْنِ أَعْنِي الْمُفْرَدَاكُلِّيٌّ اَوْ جُزْئِيٌّ حَيْثُ وُجِدَا
فَمُفْهِمُ اشْتِرَاكٍ الْكُلِّيُّكَأَسَدٍ وَعَكْسُهُ الْجُزْئِيُّ
The single, I mean, is of two kinds wherever it is found: universal or particular. What conveys sharing is the universal, like “lion”; its opposite is the particular.
Google Переводчик ↗с. 22
وَأَوَّلًا لِلذَّاتِ إِنْ فِيهَا انْدَرَجْفَانْسُبْهُ أَوْ لِعَارِضٍ إِذَا خَرَجْ
وَالْكُلِّيَاتُ خَمْسَةٌ دُونَ انْتِقَاصْجِنْسٌ وَفَصْلٌ عَرَضٌ نَوْعٌ وَخَاصْ
وَأَوَّلٌ ثَلَاثَةٌ بِلَا شَطَطْجِنْسٌ قَرِيبٌ أَوْ بَعِيدٌ أَوْ وَسَطْ
First, ascribe it to the essence if it is included in it, or to an accident if it lies outside. The universals are five, nothing missing: genus, differentia, accident, species and property. The first is of three kinds, no exaggeration: near genus, far, or in between.
Google Переводчик ↗с. 22–23
Урок
A word in use is composite (murakkab) when a part of it signifies a part of its meaning, like “Zayd stands”; otherwise it is single (mufrad). A single word is (kullī) when its meaning can be shared, like “lion”, and (juzʾī) when it cannot, like “Zayd”.
A , compared with what falls under it, is (dhātī) when it is included in their , and (ʿaraḍī) when it lies outside. The universals are five: (jins), (faṣl), (ʿaraḍ), (nawʿ) and property (khāṣṣ). The genus is of three ranks: near, like animal for man; far, like substance; and in between, like body.
Понятия
- الْمُرَكَّبُ al-murakkab
- composite: a part signifies a part of the meaning
- الْمُفْرَدُ al-mufrad
- single
- الْكُلِّيُّ al-kullī
- universal: its meaning can be shared
- الْجُزْئِيُّ al-juzʾī
- particular
- الذَّاتِيُّ al-dhātī
- essential: included in the essence
- الْعَرَضِيُّ al-ʿaraḍī
- accidental: outside the essence
- الْكُلِّيَّاتُ الْخَمْسُ al-kulliyyāt al-khams
- the five universals
Примеры
كَأَسَدٍ
“lion”: a universal, its meaning shared by many
جِنْسٌ قَرِيبٌ أَوْ بَعِيدٌ أَوْ وَسَطْ
the genus: near, far or in between
Проверьте себя
Вопросов по этому уроку: 3. С 6 из 10 и выше (две звезды) открывается следующий урок.
Вопрос 1
Which example does the Sullam give of a universal?
“What conveys sharing is the universal, like lion.”
Вопрос 2
Which is NOT one of the five universals?
The five are genus, differentia, accident, species and property; a definition is made of them.
Вопрос 3
A universal that lies outside the essence of what falls under it is…
It is ascribed to the essence if included in it, to an accident if it lies outside.
Следующий урок: Words and meanings; request and report
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