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Contradiction
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Contradiction
Propositions · al-tanāquḍ · pp. 25–26
التَّنَاقُضُ
Concept · nog niet nagekeken
Tekst in het Arabisch naar de druk van Jakarta 1434/2013 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept
Over deze tekst
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- Tekst
- Arabisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Bekijk de scan
- De lessen volgen
- De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi, hoofdstuk voor hoofdstuk van de tekst zelf.
- Vertaling
- Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
- Controle
- Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
De tekst
Een andere taal nodig? “Google Translate” opent een passage in de machinevertaling van Google — handig voor een eerste indruk, maar niet door ons gecontroleerd. Of kopieer de tekst naar een vertaler naar keuze.
Lees de hele tekst in het Arabisch →
Origineel in het Arabisch, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
تَنَاقُضٌ خُلْفُ الْقَضِيَّتَيْنِ فِيكَيْفٍ وَصِدْقُ وَاحِدٍ أَمْرٌ قُفِي
فَإِنْ تَكُنْ شَخْصِيَّةً أَوْ مُهْمَلَهْفَنَقْضُهَا بِالْكَيْفِ أَنْ تُبَدِّلَهْ
وَإِنْ تَكُنْ مَحْصُورَةً بِالسُّورِفَانْقُضْ بِضِدِّ سُورِهَا الْمَذْكُورِ
Contradiction is the difference of two propositions in quality, such that the truth of one follows. If it is personal or neglected, its contradictory is made by changing the quality; if it is quantified with a quantifier, contradict it with the opposite of its quantifier.
Google Translate ↗p. 25
فَإِنْ تَكُنْ مُوجَبَةً كُلِّيَّهْنَقِيضُهَا سَالِبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّهْ
وَإِنْ تَكُنْ سَالِبَةً كُلِّيَّهْنَقِيضُهَا مُوجَبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّهْ
If it is a universal affirmative, its contradictory is a particular negative; if it is a universal negative, its contradictory is a particular affirmative.
Google Translate ↗p. 26
De les
is a difference between two in quality — against — such that the truth of one follows from the falsehood of the other. For a personal or a neglected proposition you contradict by changing the quality alone: “Zayd stands” — “Zayd does not stand”.
For a you change the as well, to its opposite. The “every man is an animal” is contradicted by the “not every man is an animal”; the “no man is a stone” by the “some man is a stone”.
Begrippen
- التَّنَاقُضُ al-tanāquḍ
- contradiction
- الْكَيْفُ al-kayf
- quality: affirmative or negative
- الْكَمُّ / السُّورُ al-kamm / al-sūr
- quantity / quantifier
Voorbeelden
كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ / لَيْسَ كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانًا
a universal affirmative and its contradictory
Test jezelf
3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.
Vraag 1
How is a personal proposition contradicted?
For a personal or neglected proposition, changing the quality is enough.
Vraag 2
The contradictory of “no man is a stone” is…
The universal negative is contradicted by the particular affirmative.
Vraag 3
Contradiction is a difference in…
The poem defines it as a difference in quality such that the truth of one follows.
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