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The proposition: categorical and conditional
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The proposition: categorical and conditional
Proof · al-qaḍiyya al-ḥamliyya wa-l-muttaṣila · p. 14
القَضِيَّةُ الحَمْلِيَّةُ وَالمُتَّصِلَةُ
Concept · nog niet nagekeken
Tekst in het Perzisch naar de druk van Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept
Over deze tekst
al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Tekst
- Perzisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit de lithografie, zonder de randglossen: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā Bekijk de scan
- De lessen volgen
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 5–18. De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi in de volgorde van deze editie; de tekst ervan is auteursrechtelijk beschermd en wordt niet overgenomen.
- Vertaling
- Van The Mantiqi zelf, in het Engels en in gevocaliseerd Arabisch; een concept. Het Arabisch is uit het Perzisch vertaald, niet overgenomen uit een gedrukte Arabische versie.
- Controle
- Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
De tekst
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Lees de hele tekst in het Perzisch →
Origineel in het Perzisch, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
فصل در مباحث حجت و دلیل. بدانکه تصدیق را قضیه خوانند، و قضیه بر سه قسم است: یکی حملیه و آن مرکب باشد از دو مفرد مثل الانسان کاتب و آن را موجبه خوانند، و الانسان لیس بکاتب و آن را سالبه خوانند، و محکوم علیه را در حملیه موضوع خوانند و محکوم به را محمول. دوم شرطیهٔ متصله و آن مرکب باشد از دو قضیه که میان ایشان حکم کرده باشند باتصال چون کلما کانت الشمس طالعة کان النهار موجوداً و این را موجبه خوانند، و یا حکم کرده باشند بسلب اتصال چون لیس البتة اذا کانت الشمس طالعة کان اللیل موجوداً و این را سالبه خوانند.
Section on proof. Know that an assent is called a proposition (qaḍiyya), and a proposition is of three kinds. The first is the categorical (ḥamliyya), made of two single terms, like “man is a writer”, which is called affirmative, and “man is not a writer”, which is called negative; in a categorical, what is judged is called the subject (mawḍūʿ) and what is judged of it the predicate (maḥmūl). The second is the connective conditional (sharṭiyya muttaṣila), made of two propositions between which a connection is judged, like “whenever the sun is up, it is day”, which is called affirmative; or the connection is denied, like “never: if the sun is up, it is night”, which is called negative.
Arabische vertaling
فَصْلٌ فِي مَبَاحِثِ الْحُجَّةِ وَالدَّلِيلِ. اِعْلَمْ أَنَّ التَّصْدِيقَ يُسَمَّى قَضِيَّةً، وَالْقَضِيَّةُ ثَلَاثَةُ أَقْسَامٍ: الْأَوَّلُ الْحَمْلِيَّةُ، وَهِيَ الْمُرَكَّبَةُ مِنْ مُفْرَدَيْنِ، مِثْلُ: الْإِنْسَانُ كَاتِبٌ، وَتُسَمَّى مُوجَبَةً، وَالْإِنْسَانُ لَيْسَ بِكَاتِبٍ، وَتُسَمَّى سَالِبَةً، وَيُسَمَّى الْمَحْكُومُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحَمْلِيَّةِ مَوْضُوعًا، وَالْمَحْكُومُ بِهِ مَحْمُولًا. وَالثَّانِي الشَّرْطِيَّةُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ، وَهِيَ الْمُرَكَّبَةُ مِنْ قَضِيَّتَيْنِ حُكِمَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِالِاتِّصَالِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلَّمَا كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طَالِعَةً كَانَ النَّهَارُ مَوْجُودًا، وَتُسَمَّى مُوجَبَةً، أَوْ حُكِمَ بِسَلْبِ الِاتِّصَالِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: لَيْسَ الْبَتَّةَ إِذَا كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طَالِعَةً كَانَ اللَّيْلُ مَوْجُودًا، وَتُسَمَّى سَالِبَةً.
Google Translate ↗pp. 5–6
De les
Proof deals with , and what an assent is about is called a (qaḍiyya). The Ṣughrā names three kinds: , and .
The (ḥamliyya) is made of two single terms: “man is a writer”, which is (mūjaba), or “man is not a stone”, which is (sāliba). What the judgement is made about is the (mawḍūʿ), here “man”; what is judged of it is the (maḥmūl), here “writer” or “not a stone”.
The (sharṭiyya muttaṣila) is made of two whose judgement is one of connection: “whenever the sun is up, it is day”. That is . If the connection is denied, as in “it is not the case that if the sun is up it is night”, it is .
Begrippen
- القَضِيَّةُ al-qaḍiyya
- proposition: what an assent is about
- الحَمْلِيَّةُ al-ḥamliyya
- categorical: made of two single terms
- المَوْضُوعُ al-mawḍūʿ
- subject: what the judgement is about
- المَحْمُولُ al-maḥmūl
- predicate: what is judged of it
- المُوجَبَةُ al-mūjaba
- affirmative
- السّالِبَةُ al-sāliba
- negative
- الشَّرْطِيَّةُ المُتَّصِلَةُ al-sharṭiyya al-muttaṣila
- conjunctive conditional: two propositions joined by connection
Voorbeelden
الإِنْسانُ كاتِبٌ
an affirmative categorical
الإِنْسانُ لَيْسَ بِحَجَرٍ
a negative categorical
كُلَّما كانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طالِعَةً كانَ النَّهارُ مَوْجُودًا
“Whenever the sun is up, it is day”: an affirmative conjunctive
Test jezelf
3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.
Vraag 1
In “man is not a stone”, what is the subject?
The is what the judgement is made about: “man”. What is judged of it, “not a stone”, is the predicate.
Vraag 2
“Whenever the sun is up, it is day” is…
It joins two propositions (“the sun is up”, “it is day”) by a judgement of connection, so it is a conjunctive conditional (sharṭiyya muttaṣila).
Vraag 3
What is a categorical proposition made of?
A categorical (ḥamliyya) is made of two single terms, a and a predicate. Conditionals are made of two propositions.
Volgende les: The disjunctive and its three kinds
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