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The four kinds of definition
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The four kinds of definition
Definition · anwāʿ al-muʿarrif · pp. 12–13
أَنْواعُ المُعَرِّفِ
Concept · nog niet nagekeken
Tekst in het Perzisch naar de druk van Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept
Over deze tekst
al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Tekst
- Perzisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit de lithografie, zonder de randglossen: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā Bekijk de scan
- De lessen volgen
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 5–18. De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi in de volgorde van deze editie; de tekst ervan is auteursrechtelijk beschermd en wordt niet overgenomen.
- Vertaling
- Van The Mantiqi zelf, in het Engels en in gevocaliseerd Arabisch; een concept. Het Arabisch is uit het Perzisch vertaald, niet overgenomen uit een gedrukte Arabische versie.
- Controle
- Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
De tekst
Een andere taal nodig? “Google Translate” opent een passage in de machinevertaling van Google — handig voor een eerste indruk, maar niet door ons gecontroleerd. Of kopieer de tekst naar een vertaler naar keuze.
Lees de hele tekst in het Perzisch →
Origineel in het Perzisch, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
و هرگاه که جنس قریب را با فصل قریب جمع کنی آن را حد تام خوانند چون حیوان ناطق مر انسان را، و اگر جنس بعید را با فصل قریب جمع کنی آن را حد ناقص گویند چون جسم ناطق مر انسان را، و هرگاه که جنس قریب را با خاصه جمع کنی آن را رسم تام گویند چون حیوان ضاحک مر انسان را، و اگر جنس بعید را با خاصه جمع کنی آن را رسم ناقص خوانند چون جسم ضاحک مر انسان را، و همچنین اگر عرض عام را با خاصه جمع کنی رسم ناقص خوانند چون موجود ضاحک مر انسان را.
Whenever you join the near genus to the near differentia, it is called a complete definition (ḥadd tāmm), like “rational animal” for man; if you join the far genus to the near differentia, it is called an incomplete definition (ḥadd nāqiṣ), like “rational body” for man; whenever you join the near genus to a property, it is called a complete description (rasm tāmm), like “laughing animal” for man; and if you join the far genus to a property, it is called an incomplete description (rasm nāqiṣ), like “laughing body” for man; and likewise, if you join a common accident to a property, it is called an incomplete description, like “laughing existent” for man.
Arabische vertaling
وَإِذَا جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْقَرِيبَ مَعَ الْفَصْلِ الْقَرِيبِ سُمِّيَ حَدًّا تَامًّا، كَالْحَيَوَانِ النَّاطِقِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَإِنْ جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْبَعِيدَ مَعَ الْفَصْلِ الْقَرِيبِ سُمِّيَ حَدًّا نَاقِصًا، كَالْجِسْمِ النَّاطِقِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَإِذَا جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْقَرِيبَ مَعَ الْخَاصَّةِ سُمِّيَ رَسْمًا تَامًّا، كَالْحَيَوَانِ الضَّاحِكِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَإِنْ جَمَعْتَ الْجِنْسَ الْبَعِيدَ مَعَ الْخَاصَّةِ سُمِّيَ رَسْمًا نَاقِصًا، كَالْجِسْمِ الضَّاحِكِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ، وَكَذٰلِكَ إِنْ جَمَعْتَ الْعَرَضَ الْعَامَّ مَعَ الْخَاصَّةِ سُمِّيَ رَسْمًا نَاقِصًا، كَالْمَوْجُودِ الضَّاحِكِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ.
Google Translate ↗pp. 4–5
بدانکه جنس و فصل و حد را بیشتر در حقایق موجوده در خارج استعمال میکنند، و در مفهومات اعتباریه نیز چون اصطلاحات نحاة مثل کلمه و اسم و فعل و حرف و معرب و مبنی استعمال میکنند، و پیش اهل عربیت حد بمعنی معرّف باشد و اقسام او در وی داخل باشد.
Know that genus, differentia and definition are mostly used of realities that exist outside the mind, but they are used of conventional concepts too, such as the terms of the grammarians: word, noun, verb, particle, declinable and indeclinable. And among the scholars of Arabic, “ḥadd” means a definer, and all its kinds are included in it.
Arabische vertaling
وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ الْجِنْسَ وَالْفَصْلَ وَالْحَدَّ يُسْتَعْمَلُ أَكْثَرُهَا فِي الْحَقَائِقِ الْمَوْجُودَةِ فِي الْخَارِجِ، وَتُسْتَعْمَلُ أَيْضًا فِي الْمَفْهُومَاتِ الِاعْتِبَارِيَّةِ كَاصْطِلَاحَاتِ النُّحَاةِ، مِثْلِ الْكَلِمَةِ وَالِاسْمِ وَالْفِعْلِ وَالْحَرْفِ وَالْمُعْرَبِ وَالْمَبْنِيِّ. وَالْحَدُّ عِنْدَ أَهْلِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ بِمَعْنَى الْمُعَرِّفِ، وَأَقْسَامُهُ كُلُّهَا دَاخِلَةٌ فِيهِ.
De les
With these pieces the Ṣughrā builds the four kinds of . Near with near is the complete definition (ḥadd tāmm): “a rational animal” for man. Far genus with near differentia is the incomplete definition (ḥadd nāqiṣ): “a rational body”.
Near with a property is the complete description (rasm tāmm): “a laughing animal”. Far genus with a property, or a with a property, is the incomplete description (rasm nāqiṣ): “a laughing body”, “a laughing existent”, “a walking laugher”.
, and are used mostly for that exist outside the mind, such as animal, body, man and horse. They are also used for made by (mafhūmāt iʿtibāriyya), as in the terms of the grammarians: word, noun, verb, particle, declinable and indeclinable. And among the scholars of Arabic, the word ḥadd means any definer at all, so all four kinds are ḥadd for them.
Begrippen
- الحَدُّ التّامُّ al-ḥadd al-tāmm
- complete definition: near genus + near differentia
- الحَدُّ النّاقِصُ al-ḥadd al-nāqiṣ
- incomplete definition: far genus + near differentia
- الرَّسْمُ التّامُّ al-rasm al-tāmm
- complete description: near genus + property
- الرَّسْمُ النّاقِصُ al-rasm al-nāqiṣ
- incomplete description: far genus or common accident + property
- المَفاهِيمُ الاعْتِبارِيَّةُ al-mafāhīm al-iʿtibāriyya
- concepts made by convention
Voorbeelden
حَيَوانٌ ناطِقٌ
complete definition of man
جِسْمٌ ناطِقٌ
incomplete definition of man
حَيَوانٌ ضاحِكٌ
complete description of man
جِسْمٌ ضاحِكٌ
incomplete description of man
Test jezelf
3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.
Vraag 1
“A laughing animal”, said of man, is…
Near genus (“animal”) with a property (“laughing”) makes a complete description (rasm tāmm).
Vraag 2
What does a complete definition (ḥadd tāmm) consist of?
Near genus with near differentia, as in “a rational animal”, is the complete definition.
Vraag 3
What does the word ḥadd mean among the scholars of Arabic, according to the Ṣughrā?
For the scholars of Arabic, ḥadd is any definer (muʿarrif), so the complete and incomplete definitions and descriptions all count.
Volgende les: The proposition: categorical and conditional
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