Jalur Afrika Utara · tingkat 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · Pelajaran 11 dari 18

Conversion

Propositions · al-ʿaks al-mustawī · hlm. 26

الْعَكْسُ الْمُسْتَوِي

Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan

Teks bahasa Arab menurut cetakan Jakarta 1434/2013 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf

Tentang teks ini

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Teks: Arab, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan ini: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Lihat pindaian
Pelajaran mengikuti: Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri, bab demi bab dari teks itu sendiri.
Terjemahan: Karya The Mantiqi sendiri; draf.
Tinjauan: Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

Teks

Perlu bahasa lain? “Google Terjemahan” membuka sebuah bagian di terjemahan mesin Google — berguna untuk gambaran awal, tetapi tidak kami periksa. Atau salin teksnya ke penerjemah pilihanmu.

Baca seluruh teks bahasa Arab →

Teks asli bahasa Arab, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

الْعَكْسُ قَلْبُ جُزْأَيِ الْقَضِيَّهْمَعَ بَقَاءِ الصِّدْقِ وَالْكَيْفِيَّهْ

وَالْكَمِّ إِلَّا الْمُوجَبَ الْكُلِّيَّهْفَعَوْضُهَا الْمُوجَبَةُ الْجُزْئِيَّهْ

وَالْعَكْسُ لَازِمٌ لِغَيْرِ مَا وُجِدْبِهِ اجْتِمَاعُ الْخِسَّتَيْنِ فَاقْتَصِدْ

Conversion is turning round the two parts of the proposition, while truth, quality and quantity remain — except the universal affirmative, whose replacement is the particular affirmative. Conversion holds for all but those in which the two weaknesses meet, so be moderate;

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 26

وَمِثْلُهَا الْمُهْمَلَةُ السَّلْبِيَّهْلِأَنَّهَا فِي قُوَّةِ الْجُزْئِيَّهْ

وَالْعَكْسُ فِي مُرَتَّبٍ بِالطَّبْعِوَلَيْسَ فِي مُرَتَّبٍ بِالْوَضْعِ

and like it is the neglected negative, because it has the force of the particular. Conversion is in what is ordered by nature, not in what is ordered by convention.

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 26

Pelajaran

turns the two parts of a round, keeping its truth, its quality and its quantity — except the , which converts into a : “every man is an animal” gives only “some animal is a man”.

Every except where “the two weaknesses” meet, and particularity: the has no converse, and nor has the neglected negative, which has the force of a . Conversion belongs to propositions ordered by nature, the and the , where the order of the parts matters; not to those ordered only by , the , where the order makes no difference.

Istilah

الْعَكْسُ الْمُسْتَوِي al-ʿaks al-mustawī: conversion: the parts turned round
الْخِسَّتَانِ al-khissatān: the two weaknesses: negation and particularity
الْمُرَتَّبُ بِالطَّبْعِ al-murattab bi-l-ṭabʿ: ordered by nature
الْمُرَتَّبُ بِالْوَضْعِ al-murattab bi-l-waḍʿ: ordered by convention

Contoh

كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ ← بَعْضُ الْحَيَوَانِ إِنْسَانٌ
a universal affirmative converts into a particular

Uji dirimu

3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.

Soal 1
Which proposition has no converse?
Soal 2
“Every man is an animal” converts into…
Soal 3
In which propositions is there no conversion?

Pelajaran berikutnya: The syllogism and its premises

Lanjutkan →