The syllogism and its premises

The syllogism · al-qiyās · hlm. 26–27

الْقِيَاسُ

Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan

Teks bahasa Arab menurut cetakan Jakarta 1434/2013 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf

Tentang teks ini

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Teks: Arab, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan ini: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 Lihat pindaian
Pelajaran mengikuti: Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri, bab demi bab dari teks itu sendiri.
Terjemahan: Karya The Mantiqi sendiri; draf.
Tinjauan: Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

Teks

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Teks asli bahasa Arab, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

إِنَّ الْقِيَاسَ مِنْ قَضَايَا صُوِّرَامُسْتَلْزِمًا بِالذَّاتِ قَوْلًا آخَرَا

ثُمَّ الْقِيَاسُ عِنْدَهُمْ قِسْمَانِفَمِنْهُ مَا يُدْعَى بِالِاقْتِرَانِي

وَهْوَ الَّذِي دَلَّ عَلَى النَّتِيجَةِبِقُوَّةٍ وَاخْتَصَّ بِالْحَمْلِيَّةِ

The syllogism is composed of propositions and entails of itself another statement. The syllogism, among them, is of two kinds: one is called conjunctive, which points to the conclusion potentially and is limited to categoricals.

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 26

فَإِنْ تُرِدْ تَرْكِيبَهُ فَرَكِّبَامُقَدِّمَاتِهِ عَلَى مَا وَجَبَا

وَرَتِّبِ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِ وَانْظُرَاصَحِيحَهَا مِنْ فَاسِدٍ مُخْتَبِرَا

فَإِنَّ لَازِمَ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِبِحَسَبِ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِ آتِ

If you want to build it, put together its premises as is required: order the premises and look, testing the sound from the unsound, for what follows from the premises comes according to the premises.

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 26–27

وَمَا مِنَ الْمُقَدِّمَاتِ صُغْرَىفَيَجِبُ انْدِرَاجُهَا فِي الْكُبْرَى

وَذَاتُ حَدٍّ أَصْغَرٍ صُغْرَاهُمَاوَذَاتُ حَدٍّ أَكْبَرٍ كُبْرَاهُمَا

وَأَصْغَرٌ فَذَاكَ ذُو انْدِرَاجِوَوَسَطٌ يُلْغَى لَدَى الْإِنْتَاجِ

The premise that is the minor must fall under the major. The one with the minor term is the minor of the two, and the one with the major term the major; the minor term is the one that falls under, and the middle term is dropped in the conclusion.

Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 27

Pelajaran

A is composed of and entails of itself another statement. It is (iqtirānī) or (istithnāʾī). The conjunctive points to the only potentially — the conclusion is not stated in it — and is the one built of .

To build one, order the and test them: a is only as good as its premises. The must fall under the . The premise with the (aṣghar) is the minor, the one with the (akbar) the major; the minor term is the one that falls under, and the (wasaṭ), shared by both premises, is dropped in the conclusion.

Istilah

الْقِيَاسُ al-qiyās: syllogism
الِاقْتِرَانِيُّ al-iqtirānī: conjunctive: the conclusion is in it potentially
الصُّغْرَى / الْكُبْرَى al-ṣughrā / al-kubrā: minor / major premise
الْأَصْغَرُ / الْأَكْبَرُ al-aṣghar / al-akbar: minor / major term
الْحَدُّ الْوَسَطُ al-ḥadd al-wasaṭ: middle term: dropped in the conclusion

Contoh

كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ وَكُلُّ حَيَوَانٍ جِسْمٌ فَكُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ جِسْمٌ
man is the minor term, body the major, animal the middle

Uji dirimu

3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.

Soal 1
What happens to the middle term in the conclusion?
Soal 2
The conjunctive syllogism points to the conclusion…
Soal 3
Why must the premises be tested?

Pelajaran berikutnya: The four figures

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