الرئيسية / al-Sullam al-munawraq / الدَّرْسُ 11 مِنْ 18

مُقْفَل

Conversion

المَسارُ المَغارِبِيّ · المُسْتَوَى 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · الدَّرْسُ 11 مِنْ 18

Conversion

Propositions · al-ʿaks al-mustawī · ص 26

الْعَكْسُ الْمُسْتَوِي

مسوّدة · بانتظار المراجعة

النَّصُّ بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة عَلَى طَبْعَةِ Jakarta 1434/2013 · تَرْجَمَةُ The Mantiqi، مُسَوَّدَة

عَنْ هٰذا النَّصّ

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

النَّصّ: العَرَبِيَّة, نَقَلَهُ The Mantiqi مِنْ هٰذِهِ الطَّبْعَة: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 اعْرِضِ الصُّورَة
تَتْبَعُ الدُّرُوس: الدُّرُوسُ شَرْحُ The Mantiqi الخاصُّ، فَصْلًا فَصْلًا مِنَ النَّصِّ نَفْسِه.
التَّرْجَمَة: مِنْ عَمَلِ The Mantiqi؛ مُسَوَّدَة.
المُراجَعَة: مُسَوَّدَة، بِانْتِظارِ مُراجَعَةِ Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

النَّصّ

تَحْتاجُ لُغَةً أُخْرَى؟ «تَرْجَمَةُ Google» تَفْتَحُ المَقْطَعَ فِي التَّرْجَمَةِ الآلِيَّةِ مِنْ Google — مُفِيدَةٌ لِفِكْرَةٍ أُولَى، لٰكِنَّنا لَمْ نُراجِعْها. أَوِ انْسَخِ النَّصَّ إِلَى مُتَرْجِمٍ تَخْتارُه.

اقْرَإِ النَّصَّ كامِلًا بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة →

الأَصْلُ بِاللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة، Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

الْعَكْسُ قَلْبُ جُزْأَيِ الْقَضِيَّهْمَعَ بَقَاءِ الصِّدْقِ وَالْكَيْفِيَّهْ

وَالْكَمِّ إِلَّا الْمُوجَبَ الْكُلِّيَّهْفَعَوْضُهَا الْمُوجَبَةُ الْجُزْئِيَّهْ

وَالْعَكْسُ لَازِمٌ لِغَيْرِ مَا وُجِدْبِهِ اجْتِمَاعُ الْخِسَّتَيْنِ فَاقْتَصِدْ

Conversion is turning round the two parts of the proposition, while truth, quality and quantity remain — except the universal affirmative, whose replacement is the particular affirmative. Conversion holds for all but those in which the two weaknesses meet, so be moderate;

ص 26

وَمِثْلُهَا الْمُهْمَلَةُ السَّلْبِيَّهْلِأَنَّهَا فِي قُوَّةِ الْجُزْئِيَّهْ

وَالْعَكْسُ فِي مُرَتَّبٍ بِالطَّبْعِوَلَيْسَ فِي مُرَتَّبٍ بِالْوَضْعِ

and like it is the neglected negative, because it has the force of the particular. Conversion is in what is ordered by nature, not in what is ordered by convention.

ص 26

الدَّرْس

turns the two parts of a round, keeping its truth, its quality and its quantity — except the , which converts into a : “every man is an animal” gives only “some animal is a man”.

Every except where “the two weaknesses” meet, and particularity: the has no converse, and nor has the neglected negative, which has the force of a . Conversion belongs to propositions ordered by nature, the and the , where the order of the parts matters; not to those ordered only by , the , where the order makes no difference.

المُصْطَلَحات

الْعَكْسُ الْمُسْتَوِي al-ʿaks al-mustawī: conversion: the parts turned round
الْخِسَّتَانِ al-khissatān: the two weaknesses: negation and particularity
الْمُرَتَّبُ بِالطَّبْعِ al-murattab bi-l-ṭabʿ: ordered by nature
الْمُرَتَّبُ بِالْوَضْعِ al-murattab bi-l-waḍʿ: ordered by convention

الأَمْثِلَة

كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ ← بَعْضُ الْحَيَوَانِ إِنْسَانٌ
a universal affirmative converts into a particular

اخْتَبِرْ نَفْسَك

عَدَدُ الأَسْئِلَةِ عَلَى هٰذا الدَّرْسِ 3. بِسِتَّةٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةٍ فَأَكْثَرَ (نَجْمَتَيْن) يُفْتَحُ الدَّرْسُ التّالِي.

السؤال 1
Which proposition has no converse?
السؤال 2
“Every man is an animal” converts into…
السؤال 3
In which propositions is there no conversion?

الدَّرْسُ التّالِي: The syllogism and its premises

تابِع ←