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Literal and figurative; one meaning and many
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Literal and figurative; one meaning and many
Signification and expressions · al-ḥaqīqa wa-l-majāz wa-l-mushtarak wa-l-mutarādif · pp. 53–54
الحَقِيقَةُ وَالمَجازُ وَالمُشْتَرَكُ وَالمُتَرادِفُ
Concept · nog niet nagekeken
Tekst in het Perzisch naar de druk van Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept
Over deze tekst
al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Tekst
- Perzisch, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit de lithografie, zonder de randglossen: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 Bekijk de scan
- De lessen volgen
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 42–86. De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi in de volgorde van deze editie; de tekst ervan is auteursrechtelijk beschermd en wordt niet overgenomen.
- Vertaling
- Van The Mantiqi zelf, in het Engels en in gevocaliseerd Arabisch; een concept. Het Arabisch is uit het Perzisch vertaald, niet overgenomen uit een gedrukte Arabische versie.
- Controle
- Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
De tekst
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Lees de hele tekst in het Perzisch →
Origineel in het Perzisch, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
فصل. لفظ را چون در موضوع له خود استعمال کنند آن را حقیقت خوانند، و چون در جزو موضوع له یا در خارج وی استعمال کنند مجاز خوانند، و اینجا احتیاج بقرینه باشد. فصل. لفظ را چون یک موضوع له باشد آن را مفرد خوانند، و اگر زیاده باشد آن را مشترک خوانند و در هر معنی محتاج بقرینه باشد چون لفظ عین، و اگر دو لفظ از برای یک معنی موضوع باشد آن را مترادفان خوانند چون انسان و بشر، و اگر هر یکی را موضوع له دیگر باشد آن را متباینان خوانند چون انسان و فرس.
Section. When a word is used for what it was assigned to, it is called literal; when it is used for a part of what it was assigned to, or for something outside it, it is called figurative, and here a contextual sign is needed. Section. When a word has one assigned meaning it is called single in meaning; if more, it is called equivocal, and for each meaning it needs a contextual sign, like the word “ʿayn”. If two words are assigned to one meaning, they are called synonyms, like “insān” and “bashar” (man); and if each has another assigned meaning, they are called distinct, like “man” and “horse”.
Arabische vertaling
فَصْلٌ. اللَّفْظُ إِذَا اسْتُعْمِلَ فِيمَا وُضِعَ لَهُ سُمِّيَ حَقِيقَةً، وَإِذَا اسْتُعْمِلَ فِي جُزْءِ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ أَوْ فِي الْخَارِجِ عَنْهُ سُمِّيَ مَجَازًا، وَهُنَا يُحْتَاجُ إِلَى الْقَرِينَةِ. فَصْلٌ. اللَّفْظُ إِنْ كَانَ لَهُ مَوْضُوعٌ لَهُ وَاحِدٌ سُمِّيَ مُفْرَدًا، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَكْثَرَ سُمِّيَ مُشْتَرَكًا، وَيَحْتَاجُ فِي كُلِّ مَعْنًى إِلَى قَرِينَةٍ، كَلَفْظِ الْعَيْنِ. وَإِنْ وُضِعَ لَفْظَانِ لِمَعْنًى وَاحِدٍ سُمِّيَا مُتَرَادِفَيْنِ، كَالْإِنْسَانِ وَالْبَشَرِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لِكُلٍّ مِنْهُمَا مَوْضُوعٌ لَهُ آخَرُ سُمِّيَا مُتَبَايِنَيْنِ، كَالْإِنْسَانِ وَالْفَرَسِ.
Google Translate ↗p. 12
De les
A word used for what it was assigned to is literal (ḥaqīqa): “lion” for the animal. A word used for something other than what it was assigned to, or for a part of it, or for what is bound to it, is figurative (majāz): “lion” for a brave man; “man” for animal alone, for rational alone, or for being able to learn and to write. A figurative use always needs a contextual sign (qarīna).
A word with one meaning, like “Zayd”, is single in meaning (mufrad). A word with several meanings, like “ʿayn” (eye, spring, …), is equivocal (mushtarak). Two words with one meaning, like “quʿūd” and “julūs” (sitting) or “layth” and “asad” (lion), are synonyms (mutarādif). Two words with different meanings, like “man” and “horse”, are distinct (mutabāyin).
These distinctions matter for definitions: as the Kubrā will say, a figurative or equivocal word may not be used in a unless a clear sign shows the meaning intended.
Begrippen
- الحَقِيقَةُ al-ḥaqīqa
- literal: used for what it was assigned to
- المَجازُ al-majāz
- figurative: used for something else, with a sign
- القَرِينَةُ al-qarīna
- contextual sign
- المُشْتَرَكُ al-mushtarak
- equivocal: one word, several meanings
- المُتَرادِفُ al-mutarādif
- synonyms: several words, one meaning
- المُتَبايِنُ al-mutabāyin
- distinct: different words, different meanings
Voorbeelden
الأَسَدُ
“lion”: literal for the animal, figurative for a brave man
العَيْنُ
“ʿayn”: an equivocal word
القُعُودُ وَالجُلُوسُ
“quʿūd” and “julūs”: synonyms
Test jezelf
3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.
Vraag 1
“ʿAyn”, meaning eye, spring and essence, is…
One word with several meanings is equivocal.
Vraag 2
What does a figurative use always need?
Without a sign the hearer would take the word in its assigned meaning.
Vraag 3
“Layth” and “asad”, both meaning lion, are…
Two words with one meaning are synonyms.
Volgende les: The single expression and its kinds
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