Literal and figurative; one meaning and many

Signification and expressions · al-ḥaqīqa wa-l-majāz wa-l-mushtarak wa-l-mutarādif · ص 53–54

الحَقِيقَةُ وَالمَجازُ وَالمُشْتَرَكُ وَالمُتَرادِفُ

مسوّدة · بانتظار المراجعة

النَّصُّ بِاللُّغَةِ الفارِسِيَّة عَلَى طَبْعَةِ Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · تَرْجَمَةُ The Mantiqi، مُسَوَّدَة

عَنْ هٰذا النَّصّ

al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى

al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)

النَّصّ: الفارِسِيَّة, نَقَلَهُ The Mantiqi مِنَ الطَّبْعَةِ الحَجَرِيَّةِ دُونَ حَواشِيها: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 اعْرِضِ الصُّورَة
تَتْبَعُ الدُّرُوس: al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, ص 42–86. الدُّرُوسُ شَرْحُ The Mantiqi الخاصُّ بِتَرْتِيبِ هٰذِهِ الطَّبْعَة؛ وَنَصُّها مَحْفُوظُ الحُقُوقِ فَلا يُنْقَل.
التَّرْجَمَة: مِنْ عَمَلِ The Mantiqi، إِلَى الإِنْجِلِيزِيَّةِ وَإِلَى عَرَبِيَّةٍ مَشْكُولَة؛ مُسَوَّدَة. العَرَبِيَّةُ مُتَرْجَمَةٌ مِنَ الفارِسِيَّة، لا مَأْخُوذَةٌ مِنْ نُسْخَةٍ عَرَبِيَّةٍ مَطْبُوعَة.
المُراجَعَة: مُسَوَّدَة، بِانْتِظارِ مُراجَعَةِ Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

النَّصّ

تَحْتاجُ لُغَةً أُخْرَى؟ «تَرْجَمَةُ Google» تَفْتَحُ المَقْطَعَ فِي التَّرْجَمَةِ الآلِيَّةِ مِنْ Google — مُفِيدَةٌ لِفِكْرَةٍ أُولَى، لٰكِنَّنا لَمْ نُراجِعْها. أَوِ انْسَخِ النَّصَّ إِلَى مُتَرْجِمٍ تَخْتارُه.

اقْرَإِ النَّصَّ كامِلًا بِاللُّغَةِ الفارِسِيَّة →

الأَصْلُ بِاللُّغَةِ الفارِسِيَّة، Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63

فصل. لفظ را چون در موضوع له خود استعمال کنند آن را حقیقت خوانند، و چون در جزو موضوع له یا در خارج وی استعمال کنند مجاز خوانند، و اینجا احتیاج بقرینه باشد. فصل. لفظ را چون یک موضوع له باشد آن را مفرد خوانند، و اگر زیاده باشد آن را مشترک خوانند و در هر معنی محتاج بقرینه باشد چون لفظ عین، و اگر دو لفظ از برای یک معنی موضوع باشد آن را مترادفان خوانند چون انسان و بشر، و اگر هر یکی را موضوع له دیگر باشد آن را متباینان خوانند چون انسان و فرس.

Section. When a word is used for what it was assigned to, it is called literal; when it is used for a part of what it was assigned to, or for something outside it, it is called figurative, and here a contextual sign is needed. Section. When a word has one assigned meaning it is called single in meaning; if more, it is called equivocal, and for each meaning it needs a contextual sign, like the word “ʿayn”. If two words are assigned to one meaning, they are called synonyms, like “insān” and “bashar” (man); and if each has another assigned meaning, they are called distinct, like “man” and “horse”.

التَّرْجَمَةُ العَرَبِيَّة

فَصْلٌ. اللَّفْظُ إِذَا اسْتُعْمِلَ فِيمَا وُضِعَ لَهُ سُمِّيَ حَقِيقَةً، وَإِذَا اسْتُعْمِلَ فِي جُزْءِ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ أَوْ فِي الْخَارِجِ عَنْهُ سُمِّيَ مَجَازًا، وَهُنَا يُحْتَاجُ إِلَى الْقَرِينَةِ. فَصْلٌ. اللَّفْظُ إِنْ كَانَ لَهُ مَوْضُوعٌ لَهُ وَاحِدٌ سُمِّيَ مُفْرَدًا، وَإِنْ كَانَ أَكْثَرَ سُمِّيَ مُشْتَرَكًا، وَيَحْتَاجُ فِي كُلِّ مَعْنًى إِلَى قَرِينَةٍ، كَلَفْظِ الْعَيْنِ. وَإِنْ وُضِعَ لَفْظَانِ لِمَعْنًى وَاحِدٍ سُمِّيَا مُتَرَادِفَيْنِ، كَالْإِنْسَانِ وَالْبَشَرِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لِكُلٍّ مِنْهُمَا مَوْضُوعٌ لَهُ آخَرُ سُمِّيَا مُتَبَايِنَيْنِ، كَالْإِنْسَانِ وَالْفَرَسِ.

تَرْجَمَةُ Google ↗ص 12

الدَّرْس

A word used for what it was assigned to is literal (ḥaqīqa): “lion” for the animal. A word used for something other than what it was assigned to, or for a part of it, or for what is bound to it, is figurative (majāz): “lion” for a brave man; “man” for animal alone, for rational alone, or for being able to learn and to write. A figurative use always needs a contextual sign (qarīna).

A word with one meaning, like “Zayd”, is single in meaning (mufrad). A word with several meanings, like “ʿayn” (eye, spring, …), is equivocal (mushtarak). Two words with one meaning, like “quʿūd” and “julūs” (sitting) or “layth” and “asad” (lion), are synonyms (mutarādif). Two words with different meanings, like “man” and “horse”, are distinct (mutabāyin).

These distinctions matter for definitions: as the Kubrā will say, a figurative or equivocal word may not be used in a unless a clear sign shows the meaning intended.

المُصْطَلَحات

الحَقِيقَةُ al-ḥaqīqa: literal: used for what it was assigned to
المَجازُ al-majāz: figurative: used for something else, with a sign
القَرِينَةُ al-qarīna: contextual sign
المُشْتَرَكُ al-mushtarak: equivocal: one word, several meanings
المُتَرادِفُ al-mutarādif: synonyms: several words, one meaning
المُتَبايِنُ al-mutabāyin: distinct: different words, different meanings

الأَمْثِلَة

الأَسَدُ
“lion”: literal for the animal, figurative for a brave man
العَيْنُ
“ʿayn”: an equivocal word
القُعُودُ وَالجُلُوسُ
“quʿūd” and “julūs”: synonyms

اخْتَبِرْ نَفْسَك

عَدَدُ الأَسْئِلَةِ عَلَى هٰذا الدَّرْسِ 3. بِسِتَّةٍ مِنْ عَشَرَةٍ فَأَكْثَرَ (نَجْمَتَيْن) يُفْتَحُ الدَّرْسُ التّالِي.

السؤال 1
“ʿAyn”, meaning eye, spring and essence, is…
السؤال 2
What does a figurative use always need?
السؤال 3
“Layth” and “asad”, both meaning lion, are…

الدَّرْسُ التّالِي: The single expression and its kinds

تابِع ←