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The exceptive syllogism
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The exceptive syllogism
The syllogism · al-qiyās al-istithnāʾī · pp. 102–104
القِياسُ الاسْتِثْنائِيُّ
Concept · nog niet nagekeken
Eigen lessen met citaten uit de druk van Cairo 1324/1906 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept
Over deze tekst
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Tekst
- Arabisch: passages die in de lessen geciteerd worden, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk (de hele tekst wordt niet overgenomen): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) Bekijk de scan
- De lessen volgen
- De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi bij de Sullam, vers voor vers, in het spoor van Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī; zijn woorden worden geciteerd waar ze het meest ertoe doen.
- Vertaling
- Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
- Controle
- Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
In de woorden van Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
Een andere taal nodig? “Google Translate” opent een passage in de machinevertaling van Google — handig voor een eerste indruk, maar niet door ons gecontroleerd. Of kopieer de tekst naar een vertaler naar keuze.
Geciteerd uit het Arabisch van Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ الاسْتِثْنائِيَّ مُؤَلَّفٌ مِنْ مُقَدِّمَتَيْنِ: إِحْداهُما شَرْطِيَّةٌ وَتُسَمَّى كُبْرَى، وَالأُخْرَى اسْتِثْنائِيَّةٌ وَتُسَمَّى صُغْرَى، وَلِذٰلِكَ يُسَمَّى بِاسْمَيْنِ … فَالأَوَّلُ هُوَ الاسْتِثْنائِيُّ لِاشْتِمالِهِ عَلَى الاسْتِثْنائِيَّةِ، وَالثّانِي هُوَ الشَّرْطِيُّ لِاشْتِمالِهِ عَلَى الشَّرْطِيَّةِ.
Know that the exceptive syllogism is composed of two premises: one conditional, called the major, and the other exceptive, called the minor. That is why it has two names … The first, “exceptive”, because it contains the exceptive premise; the second, “conditional”, because it contains the conditional.
Google Translate ↗p. 102
فَإِذا قُلْتَ مَثَلًا: إِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ هٰذا الجِسْمُ أَبْيَضَ وَإِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ أَسْوَدَ، لٰكِنَّهُ أَبْيَضُ، أَنْتَجَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِأَسْوَدَ … وَقَوْلُهُ دُونَ عَكْسٍ، أَيْ لِأَنَّهُ لا يَمْتَنِعُ ارْتِفاعُهُما، فَلا يُنْتِجُ رَفْعُ أَحَدِهِما وَضْعَ الآخَرِ، فَلَوْ قُلْتَ فِي المِثالِ المَذْكُورِ: لٰكِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِأَبْيَضَ، لَمْ يُنْتِجْ أَنَّهُ أَسْوَدُ.
If you say, for instance, “This body is either white or black; but it is white”, it follows that it is not black … His words “not the reverse”: because both may be absent, denying one does not yield affirming the other; if in that example you said “but it is not white”, it would not follow that it is black.
Google Translate ↗p. 104
De les
The Sullam treats the : a with a second premise that affirms or denies one of its sides, introduced by “but” (lākin). Al-Bājūrī explains its two names. It has two premises, a conditional one, called the , and an exceptive one, called the ; it is called exceptive after the second and conditional after the first.
With a (“if it is a human, it is an animal”), affirming the yields the and denying the consequent yields the denial of the antecedent. With a real disjunction (“the number is even or odd”), affirming either side yields the denial of the other and denying either yields the other.
With a disjunction that only bars joining, al-Bājūrī's example: “this body is either white or black; but it is white” yields “it is not black”. But not the reverse: since a body may be neither, “but it is not white” does not yield “it is black”.
Begrippen
- الاسْتِثْنائِيُّ al-istithnāʾī
- exceptive syllogism: a conditional with a premise affirming or denying one side
- مانِعَةُ الجَمْعِ māniʿat al-jamʿ
- a disjunction that bars joining: both cannot be true
- مانِعَةُ الخُلُوِّ māniʿat al-khuluww
- a disjunction that bars lacking both: both cannot be false
Voorbeelden
إِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ هٰذا الجِسْمُ أَبْيَضَ وَإِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ أَسْوَدَ
“this body is either white or black”: affirming one denies the other, not the reverse
Test jezelf
3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.
Vraag 1
Why does the exceptive syllogism have two names, according to al-Bājūrī?
“The first, exceptive, because it contains the exceptive premise; the second, conditional, because it contains the conditional.”
Vraag 2
“This body is either white or black; but it is not white.” What follows?
The disjunction only bars joining; since both may be absent, denying one does not yield the other.
Vraag 3
Which premise of the exceptive syllogism is called the major?
The conditional premise is called the major, the exceptive one the minor.
Volgende les: Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
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