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Terkunci
The exceptive syllogism
Kembali ke Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-SullamJalur Afrika Utara · tingkat 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · Pelajaran 15 dari 18
The exceptive syllogism
The syllogism · al-qiyās al-istithnāʾī · hlm. 102–104
القِياسُ الاسْتِثْنائِيُّ
Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan
Pelajaran kami sendiri dengan kutipan dari cetakan Cairo 1324/1906 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf
Tentang teks ini
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Teks
- Arab: bagian-bagian yang dikutip dalam pelajaran, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan ini (seluruh teks tidak dimuat): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) Lihat pindaian
- Pelajaran mengikuti
- Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri atas Sullam, bait demi bait, mengikuti Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī; kata-katanya dikutip di tempat yang paling penting.
- Terjemahan
- Karya The Mantiqi sendiri; draf.
- Tinjauan
- Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Dalam kata-kata Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
Perlu bahasa lain? “Google Terjemahan” membuka sebuah bagian di terjemahan mesin Google — berguna untuk gambaran awal, tetapi tidak kami periksa. Atau salin teksnya ke penerjemah pilihanmu.
Dikutip dari teks bahasa Arab Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ الاسْتِثْنائِيَّ مُؤَلَّفٌ مِنْ مُقَدِّمَتَيْنِ: إِحْداهُما شَرْطِيَّةٌ وَتُسَمَّى كُبْرَى، وَالأُخْرَى اسْتِثْنائِيَّةٌ وَتُسَمَّى صُغْرَى، وَلِذٰلِكَ يُسَمَّى بِاسْمَيْنِ … فَالأَوَّلُ هُوَ الاسْتِثْنائِيُّ لِاشْتِمالِهِ عَلَى الاسْتِثْنائِيَّةِ، وَالثّانِي هُوَ الشَّرْطِيُّ لِاشْتِمالِهِ عَلَى الشَّرْطِيَّةِ.
Know that the exceptive syllogism is composed of two premises: one conditional, called the major, and the other exceptive, called the minor. That is why it has two names … The first, “exceptive”, because it contains the exceptive premise; the second, “conditional”, because it contains the conditional.
Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 102
فَإِذا قُلْتَ مَثَلًا: إِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ هٰذا الجِسْمُ أَبْيَضَ وَإِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ أَسْوَدَ، لٰكِنَّهُ أَبْيَضُ، أَنْتَجَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِأَسْوَدَ … وَقَوْلُهُ دُونَ عَكْسٍ، أَيْ لِأَنَّهُ لا يَمْتَنِعُ ارْتِفاعُهُما، فَلا يُنْتِجُ رَفْعُ أَحَدِهِما وَضْعَ الآخَرِ، فَلَوْ قُلْتَ فِي المِثالِ المَذْكُورِ: لٰكِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِأَبْيَضَ، لَمْ يُنْتِجْ أَنَّهُ أَسْوَدُ.
If you say, for instance, “This body is either white or black; but it is white”, it follows that it is not black … His words “not the reverse”: because both may be absent, denying one does not yield affirming the other; if in that example you said “but it is not white”, it would not follow that it is black.
Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 104
Pelajaran
The Sullam treats the : a with a second premise that affirms or denies one of its sides, introduced by “but” (lākin). Al-Bājūrī explains its two names. It has two premises, a conditional one, called the , and an exceptive one, called the ; it is called exceptive after the second and conditional after the first.
With a (“if it is a human, it is an animal”), affirming the yields the and denying the consequent yields the denial of the antecedent. With a real disjunction (“the number is even or odd”), affirming either side yields the denial of the other and denying either yields the other.
With a disjunction that only bars joining, al-Bājūrī's example: “this body is either white or black; but it is white” yields “it is not black”. But not the reverse: since a body may be neither, “but it is not white” does not yield “it is black”.
Istilah
- الاسْتِثْنائِيُّ al-istithnāʾī
- exceptive syllogism: a conditional with a premise affirming or denying one side
- مانِعَةُ الجَمْعِ māniʿat al-jamʿ
- a disjunction that bars joining: both cannot be true
- مانِعَةُ الخُلُوِّ māniʿat al-khuluww
- a disjunction that bars lacking both: both cannot be false
Contoh
إِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ هٰذا الجِسْمُ أَبْيَضَ وَإِمّا أَنْ يَكُونَ أَسْوَدَ
“this body is either white or black”: affirming one denies the other, not the reverse
Uji dirimu
3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.
Soal 1
Why does the exceptive syllogism have two names, according to al-Bājūrī?
“The first, exceptive, because it contains the exceptive premise; the second, conditional, because it contains the conditional.”
Soal 2
“This body is either white or black; but it is not white.” What follows?
The disjunction only bars joining; since both may be absent, denying one does not yield the other.
Soal 3
Which premise of the exceptive syllogism is called the major?
The conditional premise is called the major, the exceptive one the minor.
Pelajaran berikutnya: Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
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