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The syllogism
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The syllogism
The syllogism · al-qiyās · pp. 86–89
القِياسُ
Concept · nog niet nagekeken
Eigen lessen met citaten uit de druk van Cairo 1324/1906 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept
Over deze tekst
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Tekst
- Arabisch: passages die in de lessen geciteerd worden, door The Mantiqi overgeschreven uit deze druk (de hele tekst wordt niet overgenomen): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) Bekijk de scan
- De lessen volgen
- De lessen zijn de eigen uitleg van The Mantiqi bij de Sullam, vers voor vers, in het spoor van Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī; zijn woorden worden geciteerd waar ze het meest ertoe doen.
- Vertaling
- Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
- Controle
- Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
In de woorden van Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
Een andere taal nodig? “Google Translate” opent een passage in de machinevertaling van Google — handig voor een eerste indruk, maar niet door ons gecontroleerd. Of kopieer de tekst naar een vertaler naar keuze.
Geciteerd uit het Arabisch van Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
(قَوْلُهُ إِنَّ القِياسَ إِلَخْ) إِنَّما أَتَى بِإِنَّ المُفِيدَةِ لِلتَّوْكِيدِ لِأَنَّ المَقامَ مَقامُ أَنْ يُتَرَدَّدَ فِي مَعْنَى القِياسِ: هَلْ هُوَ المَعْنَى الأُصُولِيُّ أَوِ المَنْطِقِيُّ.
(His words “the syllogism is …”): he uses inna, which gives emphasis, because here one may hesitate over what qiyās means: whether it is the sense of the jurists' legal theory (uṣūl) or that of logic.
Google Translate ↗p. 86
بَلِ المُرادُ أَنَّ الأَصْغَرَ الَّذِي اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ الصُّغْرَى يَجِبُ انْدِراجُهُ فِي الأَوْسَطِ الَّذِي اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ الكُبْرَى، وَذٰلِكَ كَما فِي قَوْلِكَ: كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ، وَكُلُّ حَيَوانٍ جِسْمٌ.
Rather, what is meant is that the minor term, contained in the minor premise, must fall under the middle term contained in the major premise, as when you say: “Every human is an animal, and every animal is a body.”
Google Translate ↗p. 89
De les
The Sullam defines the as a statement composed of from which another statement follows of itself. Al-Bājūrī notices that the poem opens the with inna, a particle of emphasis, and explains why: a reader might hesitate whether qiyās here means the of the jurists in uṣūl al-fiqh or the syllogism of , and the emphasis settles it.
He goes through the parts of the and the objections to them. One is that “every human is an animal, and every animal is an animal” yields the itself; the answer he prefers denies that such an counts as a at all, because one of its is faulty, having the same term on both sides.
On the poem's rule that the must “fall under” the , he explains what is meant: the , contained in the minor premise, must fall under the contained in the major premise — as in “every human is an animal, and every animal is a body”.
Begrippen
- القِياسُ al-qiyās
- syllogism: propositions from which another follows of itself
- الحَدُّ الأَوْسَطُ al-ḥadd al-awsaṭ
- the middle term, repeated in both premises
- الانْدِراجُ al-indirāj
- falling under
Voorbeelden
كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ وَكُلُّ حَيَوانٍ جِسْمٌ
“every human is an animal, and every animal is a body”: the minor term falls under the middle
Test jezelf
3 vragen over deze les. Met 6 of meer van de 10 (twee sterren) gaat de volgende les open.
Vraag 1
Why, according to al-Bājūrī, does the poem begin the definition with inna?
“Because here one may hesitate over what qiyās means: whether it is the sense of uṣūl or that of logic.”
Vraag 2
What is meant by the minor falling under the major?
“The minor term, contained in the minor premise, must fall under the middle term contained in the major premise.”
Vraag 3
What objection does al-Bājūrī mention against the definition?
Such an argument yields the minor premise itself; the answer he prefers is that it is not called a syllogism, one of its premises being faulty.
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