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Jalur India · tingkat 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Pelajaran 3 dari 16
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3
Universal and particular; the four relations
Kulli yang lima
الكُلِّيَّات الخَمْس
Teks bahasa Arab menurut cetakan Cairo 1330/1912 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf
Tentang teks ini
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Teks
Arab: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 Lihat pindaian
A (mafhūm), if supposing it to be true of many is impossible, is (juzʾī); otherwise it is (kullī) — whether its instances are impossible; or possible but not found; or only one is found, while another is possible, or impossible; or many are found, finite or infinite in number.
Two , if they part entirely, are distinct (mutabāyin). If not: if each is true of everything the other is true of, they are equal (mutasāwī), and so are their contradictories; if this holds on one side only, they are more general and more absolutely, and their contradictories the other way round; otherwise they are more general and more particular in one respect, and between their contradictories there is a partial distinctness, as between two distinct universals.
“Particular” is sometimes said of the more specific, and this is more general.
3 soal tentang apa yang dijelaskan syarah. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.
Soal 1
“The partner of God” is a universal concept although it has no instance. Why?
A concept is particular if supposing it true of many is impossible; otherwise it is universal — even if its instances are impossible, possible but not found, or only one exists.
Soal 2
“Human” and “rational” are true of exactly the same things. What is the relation between them, and between their contradictories?
If each is true of everything the other is true of, they are equal (mutasāwiyān), “and so are their contradictories”.
Soal 3
What lies between the contradictories of two universals that are general and particular in one respect, like “animal” and “white”?
For the relation in one respect, “between their contradictories there is a partial distinctness, as between two distinct universals”.
Pelajaran berikutnya: The five universals: genus and species