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Kinds of categorical; metathetic propositions
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Kinds of categorical; metathetic propositions
Assents · anwāʿ al-ḥamliyya wa-l-maʿdūla · hlm. 70–72
أَنْواعُ الحَمْلِيَّةِ وَالمَعْدُولَةُ
Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan
Teks bahasa Persia menurut cetakan Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf
Tentang teks ini
al-Kubrā الكُبْرَى
al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)
- Teks
- Persia, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan litografi, tanpa hasyiyah di pinggirnya: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–42 Lihat pindaian
- Pelajaran mengikuti
- al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, hlm. 42–86. Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri dalam urutan edisi ini; teksnya dilindungi hak cipta dan tidak dimuat.
- Terjemahan
- Karya The Mantiqi sendiri, ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Arab berharakat; draf. Bahasa Arabnya diterjemahkan dari bahasa Persia, bukan diambil dari versi Arab cetak.
- Tinjauan
- Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Teks
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Baca seluruh teks bahasa Persia →
Teks asli bahasa Persia, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63
فصل. موضوع اگر در قضیهٔ حملیه جزئی حقیقی باشد آن قضیه را شخصیه خوانند چون زید نویسنده است و زید نویسنده نیست، و اگر کلی باشد پس اگر بیان کمیت افراد نکرده اند آن قضیه را مهمله خوانند چون انسان نویسنده است و انسان نویسنده نیست، و اگر بیان کمیت افراد کرده اند آن را قضیهٔ محصوره خوانند، و این چهار قسم است: موجبهٔ کلیه، سالبهٔ کلیه، موجبهٔ جزئیه، سالبهٔ جزئیه. فصل. قضایای شخصیه در علوم معتبر نیست، و قضیهٔ مهمله در قوت محصورهٔ جزئیه است، پس قضایای معتبره در علوم حکمیه محصورات اربعه است. فصل. حرف سلب در قضیه چون جزو محمول شود آن قضیه را معدوله خوانند چون زید نانویسنده است، و اگر جزو نشود آن را محصله خوانند چون زید نیست نویسنده.
Section. If the subject of a categorical proposition is a real particular, the proposition is called personal, like “Zayd is a writer” and “Zayd is not a writer”. If it is a universal, then if the quantity of the individuals is not stated the proposition is called neglected, like “man is a writer” and “man is not a writer”; and if the quantity of the individuals is stated it is called quantified, and this is of four kinds: universal affirmative, universal negative, particular affirmative and particular negative. Section. Personal propositions do not count in the sciences, and the neglected proposition has the force of the particular quantified one; so the propositions that count in the philosophical sciences are the four quantified ones. Section. When the word of negation becomes part of the predicate of a proposition, the proposition is called metathetic, like “Zayd is a non-writer”; and when it does not become part of it, it is called plain, like “Zayd is not a writer”.
Terjemahan Arab
فَصْلٌ. الْمَوْضُوعُ فِي الْقَضِيَّةِ الْحَمْلِيَّةِ إِنْ كَانَ جُزْئِيًّا حَقِيقِيًّا سُمِّيَتِ الْقَضِيَّةُ شَخْصِيَّةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: زَيْدٌ كَاتِبٌ، وَزَيْدٌ لَيْسَ بِكَاتِبٍ، وَإِنْ كَانَ كُلِّيًّا فَإِنْ لَمْ يُبَيَّنْ فِيهَا كَمِّيَّةُ الْأَفْرَادِ سُمِّيَتْ مُهْمَلَةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: الْإِنْسَانُ كَاتِبٌ، وَالْإِنْسَانُ لَيْسَ بِكَاتِبٍ، وَإِنْ بُيِّنَتْ كَمِّيَّةُ الْأَفْرَادِ سُمِّيَتْ مَحْصُورَةً، وَهِيَ أَرْبَعَةُ أَقْسَامٍ: مُوجَبَةٌ كُلِّيَّةٌ، وَسَالِبَةٌ كُلِّيَّةٌ، وَمُوجَبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّةٌ، وَسَالِبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّةٌ. فَصْلٌ. الْقَضَايَا الشَّخْصِيَّةُ غَيْرُ مُعْتَبَرَةٍ فِي الْعُلُومِ، وَالْمُهْمَلَةُ فِي قُوَّةِ الْمَحْصُورَةِ الْجُزْئِيَّةِ، فَالْقَضَايَا الْمُعْتَبَرَةُ فِي الْعُلُومِ الْحِكْمِيَّةِ هِيَ الْمَحْصُورَاتُ الْأَرْبَعُ. فَصْلٌ. حَرْفُ السَّلْبِ فِي الْقَضِيَّةِ إِذَا جُعِلَ جُزْءًا مِنَ الْمَحْمُولِ سُمِّيَتِ الْقَضِيَّةُ مَعْدُولَةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: زَيْدٌ لَا كَاتِبٌ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يُجْعَلْ جُزْءًا مِنْهُ سُمِّيَتْ مُحَصَّلَةً، كَقَوْلِنَا: زَيْدٌ لَيْسَ بِكَاتِبٍ.
Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 28–29
Pelajaran
A is personal when its is a real : “Zayd is a writer”. It is neglected when the judgement falls on individuals but their quantity is not stated: “man is a writer”. It is when a word states the quantity: the , “every man is an animal”; the , “no man is a stone”; the , “some animal is a man”; the , “some animal is not a man”.
In the rational sciences the four are what count; the neglected has the force of a quantified one (of the ); the personal does not count in the sciences. The author does not mention the natural here, since its judgement falls on the itself and not on individuals, and it is judgements on individuals that matter in the sciences and in conversation.
When the word of becomes part of the , the or both, the is called metathetic (maʿdūla): “the stone is non-animal”, “the non-animal may be a stone”, “every non-animal is non-man”. It is so called because the negation has been turned from its proper work, denying, and become part of a term. When the negation is part of neither term, it is called plain (muḥaṣṣala): “Zayd is a writer”, “ʿAmr is not a writer”.
Istilah
- المَوْجَبَةُ الكُلِّيَّةُ al-mūjaba al-kulliyya
- universal affirmative
- السّالِبَةُ الكُلِّيَّةُ al-sāliba al-kulliyya
- universal negative
- المَوْجَبَةُ الجُزْئِيَّةُ al-mūjaba al-juzʾiyya
- particular affirmative
- السّالِبَةُ الجُزْئِيَّةُ al-sāliba al-juzʾiyya
- particular negative
- المَعْدُولَةُ al-maʿdūla
- metathetic: the negation is part of a term
- المُحَصَّلَةُ al-muḥaṣṣala
- plain: the negation is part of no term
Contoh
الحَجَرُ لا حَيَوانٌ
“the stone is non-animal”: metathetic
عَمْرٌو لَيْسَ بِكاتِبٍ
“ʿAmr is not a writer”: plain negative
Uji dirimu
3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.
Soal 1
“The stone is non-animal” is…
The negation has become part of the predicate, “non-animal”, so it is metathetic.
Soal 2
Which propositions count in the rational sciences?
Science judges individuals in stated quantities; the personal proposition is not counted.
Soal 3
“Man is a writer”, with no quantifier, is…
Individuals are judged, but how many is not said.
Pelajaran berikutnya: The five modals and conversion
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