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The four figures
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The four figures
The syllogism · al-ashkāl al-arbaʿa · hlm. 91
الأَشْكالُ الأَرْبَعَةُ
Draf · menunggu pemeriksaan
Pelajaran kami sendiri dengan kutipan dari cetakan Cairo 1324/1906 · terjemahan The Mantiqi, draf
Tentang teks ini
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Teks
- Arab: bagian-bagian yang dikutip dalam pelajaran, disalin oleh The Mantiqi dari cetakan ini (seluruh teks tidak dimuat): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) Lihat pindaian
- Pelajaran mengikuti
- Pelajaran ini adalah penjelasan The Mantiqi sendiri atas Sullam, bait demi bait, mengikuti Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī; kata-katanya dikutip di tempat yang paling penting.
- Terjemahan
- Karya The Mantiqi sendiri; draf.
- Tinjauan
- Draf, menunggu tinjauan Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Dalam kata-kata Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
Perlu bahasa lain? “Google Terjemahan” membuka sebuah bagian di terjemahan mesin Google — berguna untuk gambaran awal, tetapi tidak kami periksa. Atau salin teksnya ke penerjemah pilihanmu.
Dikutip dari teks bahasa Arab Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
(قَوْلُهُ وَحَمْلُهُ فِي الكُلِّ) أَيْ كَما فِي قَوْلِكَ: كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ، وَلا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَجَرِ بِحَيَوانٍ. (قَوْلُهُ ثانِيًا عُرِفْ) أَيْ عُرِفَ شَكْلًا ثانِيًا، بِمَعْنَى أَنَّهُ سُمِّيَ بِذٰلِكَ … (قَوْلُهُ وَوَضْعُهُ فِي الكُلِّ) أَيْ كَما فِي قَوْلِكَ: كُلُّ حَيَوانٍ حَسّاسٌ، وَبَعْضُ الحَيَوانِ ناطِقٌ.
(His words “its being predicated in both”): as when you say, “Every human is an animal, and no stone is an animal.” (“is known as the second”): that is, it is known as the second figure, meaning that it is so named … (“its being the subject in both”): as when you say, “Every animal is sensing, and some animals are rational.”
Google Terjemahan ↗hlm. 91
Pelajaran
The Sullam names the by the place of the : of the and of the is the first; predicate of both, the second; subject of both, the third; and the reverse of the first, the fourth.
Al-Bājūrī's notes give each line an example. For the second, “every human is an animal, and no stone is an animal”, where “animal” is in both; for the third, “every animal is sensing, and some animals are rational”, where “animal” is the in both.
He reads the poem's short phrases closely: “is known as the second” means it is named the second ; where the poet leaves out a word because the line before supplies it, the gloss puts it back. The figures stand in order of how clearly they yield: the first by itself, the others by being brought back to it.
Istilah
- الشَّكْلُ al-shakl
- figure: the arrangement of the middle term in the premises
- الصُّغْرَى al-ṣughrā
- the minor premise
- الكُبْرَى al-kubrā
- the major premise
Contoh
كُلُّ إِنْسانٍ حَيَوانٌ وَلا شَيْءَ مِنَ الحَجَرِ بِحَيَوانٍ
second figure: the middle term predicated in both
Uji dirimu
3 soal tentang pelajaran ini. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.
Soal 1
“Every human is an animal, and no stone is an animal”: which figure?
It is al-Bājūrī's example of the second figure: “animal” is predicated in both premises.
Soal 2
“Every animal is sensing, and some animals are rational”: which figure?
The middle term “animal” is the subject in both: the third figure.
Soal 3
In the fourth figure the middle term is…
The fourth is the reverse of the first.
Pelajaran berikutnya: The conditions of the figures
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