خانه / al-Sullam al-munawraq / درس 10 از 18
قفل
Contradiction
Back to al-Sullam al-munawraqNorth-African path · level 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · درس 10 از 18
Contradiction
Propositions · al-tanāquḍ · pp. 25–26
التَّنَاقُضُ
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
Arabic text after the print of Jakarta 1434/2013 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- Text
- Arabic, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 View the scan
- Lessons follow
- The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations, chapter by chapter of the text itself.
- Translation
- The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
- Review
- Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
The text
Need another language? “Google Translate” opens a passage in Google's machine translation — handy for a first idea, but not checked by us. Or copy the text into a translator of your choice.
Arabic original, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
تَنَاقُضٌ خُلْفُ الْقَضِيَّتَيْنِ فِيكَيْفٍ وَصِدْقُ وَاحِدٍ أَمْرٌ قُفِي
فَإِنْ تَكُنْ شَخْصِيَّةً أَوْ مُهْمَلَهْفَنَقْضُهَا بِالْكَيْفِ أَنْ تُبَدِّلَهْ
وَإِنْ تَكُنْ مَحْصُورَةً بِالسُّورِفَانْقُضْ بِضِدِّ سُورِهَا الْمَذْكُورِ
Contradiction is the difference of two propositions in quality, such that the truth of one follows. If it is personal or neglected, its contradictory is made by changing the quality; if it is quantified with a quantifier, contradict it with the opposite of its quantifier.
Google Translate ↗p. 25
فَإِنْ تَكُنْ مُوجَبَةً كُلِّيَّهْنَقِيضُهَا سَالِبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّهْ
وَإِنْ تَكُنْ سَالِبَةً كُلِّيَّهْنَقِيضُهَا مُوجَبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّهْ
If it is a universal affirmative, its contradictory is a particular negative; if it is a universal negative, its contradictory is a particular affirmative.
Google Translate ↗p. 26
The lesson
is a difference between two in quality — against — such that the truth of one follows from the falsehood of the other. For a personal or a neglected proposition you contradict by changing the quality alone: “Zayd stands” — “Zayd does not stand”.
For a you change the as well, to its opposite. The “every man is an animal” is contradicted by the “not every man is an animal”; the “no man is a stone” by the “some man is a stone”.
Terms
- التَّنَاقُضُ al-tanāquḍ
- contradiction
- الْكَيْفُ al-kayf
- quality: affirmative or negative
- الْكَمُّ / السُّورُ al-kamm / al-sūr
- quantity / quantifier
Examples
كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ / لَيْسَ كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانًا
a universal affirmative and its contradictory
خودت را بیازما
3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
پرسش 1
How is a personal proposition contradicted?
For a personal or neglected proposition, changing the quality is enough.
پرسش 2
The contradictory of “no man is a stone” is…
The universal negative is contradicted by the particular affirmative.
پرسش 3
Contradiction is a difference in…
The poem defines it as a difference in quality such that the truth of one follows.
درس بعدی: Conversion
ادامه ←