North-African path · level 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · Lesson 10 of 18

Contradiction

Propositions · al-tanāquḍ · pp. 25–26

التَّنَاقُضُ

Draft · awaiting review

Arabic text after the print of Jakarta 1434/2013 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Text: Arabic, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 View the scan
Lessons follow: The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations, chapter by chapter of the text itself.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

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Arabic original, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

تَنَاقُضٌ خُلْفُ الْقَضِيَّتَيْنِ فِيكَيْفٍ وَصِدْقُ وَاحِدٍ أَمْرٌ قُفِي

فَإِنْ تَكُنْ شَخْصِيَّةً أَوْ مُهْمَلَهْفَنَقْضُهَا بِالْكَيْفِ أَنْ تُبَدِّلَهْ

وَإِنْ تَكُنْ مَحْصُورَةً بِالسُّورِفَانْقُضْ بِضِدِّ سُورِهَا الْمَذْكُورِ

Contradiction is the difference of two propositions in quality, such that the truth of one follows. If it is personal or neglected, its contradictory is made by changing the quality; if it is quantified with a quantifier, contradict it with the opposite of its quantifier.

Google Translate ↗p. 25

فَإِنْ تَكُنْ مُوجَبَةً كُلِّيَّهْنَقِيضُهَا سَالِبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّهْ

وَإِنْ تَكُنْ سَالِبَةً كُلِّيَّهْنَقِيضُهَا مُوجَبَةٌ جُزْئِيَّهْ

If it is a universal affirmative, its contradictory is a particular negative; if it is a universal negative, its contradictory is a particular affirmative.

Google Translate ↗p. 26

The lesson

is a difference between two in quality — against — such that the truth of one follows from the falsehood of the other. For a personal or a neglected proposition you contradict by changing the quality alone: “Zayd stands” — “Zayd does not stand”.

For a you change the as well, to its opposite. The “every man is an animal” is contradicted by the “not every man is an animal”; the “no man is a stone” by the “some man is a stone”.

Terms

التَّنَاقُضُ al-tanāquḍ: contradiction
الْكَيْفُ al-kayf: quality: affirmative or negative
الْكَمُّ / السُّورُ al-kamm / al-sūr: quantity / quantifier

Examples

كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ / لَيْسَ كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانًا
a universal affirmative and its contradictory

Test yourself

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Question 1
How is a personal proposition contradicted?
Question 2
The contradictory of “no man is a stone” is…
Question 3
Contradiction is a difference in…

Next lesson: Conversion

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