خانه / al-Sullam al-munawraq / درس 11 از 18
قفل
Conversion
بازگشت به al-Sullam al-munawraqمسیر مغربی · سطح 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · درس 11 از 18
Conversion
Propositions · al-ʿaks al-mustawī · ص 26
الْعَكْسُ الْمُسْتَوِي
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
متن عربی بر پایهٔ چاپ Jakarta 1434/2013 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- متن
- عربی, رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi است، فصل به فصل از خود متن.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
متن
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
اصل عربی، Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
الْعَكْسُ قَلْبُ جُزْأَيِ الْقَضِيَّهْمَعَ بَقَاءِ الصِّدْقِ وَالْكَيْفِيَّهْ
وَالْكَمِّ إِلَّا الْمُوجَبَ الْكُلِّيَّهْفَعَوْضُهَا الْمُوجَبَةُ الْجُزْئِيَّهْ
وَالْعَكْسُ لَازِمٌ لِغَيْرِ مَا وُجِدْبِهِ اجْتِمَاعُ الْخِسَّتَيْنِ فَاقْتَصِدْ
Conversion is turning round the two parts of the proposition, while truth, quality and quantity remain — except the universal affirmative, whose replacement is the particular affirmative. Conversion holds for all but those in which the two weaknesses meet, so be moderate;
وَمِثْلُهَا الْمُهْمَلَةُ السَّلْبِيَّهْلِأَنَّهَا فِي قُوَّةِ الْجُزْئِيَّهْ
وَالْعَكْسُ فِي مُرَتَّبٍ بِالطَّبْعِوَلَيْسَ فِي مُرَتَّبٍ بِالْوَضْعِ
and like it is the neglected negative, because it has the force of the particular. Conversion is in what is ordered by nature, not in what is ordered by convention.
درس
turns the two parts of a round, keeping its truth, its quality and its quantity — except the , which converts into a : “every man is an animal” gives only “some animal is a man”.
Every except where “the two weaknesses” meet, and particularity: the has no converse, and nor has the neglected negative, which has the force of a . Conversion belongs to propositions ordered by nature, the and the , where the order of the parts matters; not to those ordered only by , the , where the order makes no difference.
اصطلاحات
- الْعَكْسُ الْمُسْتَوِي al-ʿaks al-mustawī
- conversion: the parts turned round
- الْخِسَّتَانِ al-khissatān
- the two weaknesses: negation and particularity
- الْمُرَتَّبُ بِالطَّبْعِ al-murattab bi-l-ṭabʿ
- ordered by nature
- الْمُرَتَّبُ بِالْوَضْعِ al-murattab bi-l-waḍʿ
- ordered by convention
مثال‌ها
كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ حَيَوَانٌ ← بَعْضُ الْحَيَوَانِ إِنْسَانٌ
a universal affirmative converts into a particular
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
Which proposition has no converse?
It joins the two weaknesses, negation and particularity.
پرسش 2
“Every man is an animal” converts into…
The universal affirmative is replaced by a particular affirmative.
پرسش 3
In which propositions is there no conversion?
Conversion is in what is ordered by nature, not in what is ordered by convention.
درس بعدی: The syllogism and its premises
ادامه ←