Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Lesson 14 of 16
14
The second, third and fourth figures
Syllogism
القِيَاس
Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
In the second, the two must differ in quality and the must be ; with the perpetuity of the , or the convertibility of the major; and the possible must go with a necessary, or with a major. Then the two universals yield a , and the two that differ in quantity as well a — shown by reductio (khulf), by the major, or by changing the order and then the .
In the third, the must be and actual, with one of the two . Then the two affirmatives — a universal with a or the reverse — yield a ; and with the , or the universal with the particular, a — shown by reductio, by the minor, or by reversing the order and then the .
In the fourth, both must be with the , or differ with one of them universal. Then the with the four, the with the , the two negatives with the universal affirmative, and their universal with the , yield a particular affirmative if there is no , and otherwise a negative — shown by reductio, by reversing the order and then the , by both , or by reduction to the second by converting the minor, or to the third by converting the .