Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Pelajaran 14 dari 16
14
The second, third and fourth figures
Qiyas
القِيَاس
Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
In the second, the two must differ in quality and the must be ; with the perpetuity of the , or the convertibility of the major; and the possible must go with a necessary, or with a major. Then the two universals yield a , and the two that differ in quantity as well a — shown by reductio (khulf), by the major, or by changing the order and then the .
In the third, the must be and actual, with one of the two . Then the two affirmatives — a universal with a or the reverse — yield a ; and with the , or the universal with the particular, a — shown by reductio, by the minor, or by reversing the order and then the .
In the fourth, both must be with the , or differ with one of them universal. Then the with the four, the with the , the two negatives with the universal affirmative, and their universal with the , yield a particular affirmative if there is no , and otherwise a negative — shown by reductio, by reversing the order and then the , by both , or by reduction to the second by converting the minor, or to the third by converting the .
3 soal tentang apa yang dijelaskan syarah. Dengan nilai 6 dari 10 atau lebih (dua bintang), pelajaran berikutnya terbuka.
Soal 1
What does the second figure require in quality?
“In the second, the two must differ in quality and the major must be universal.” Its conclusions are therefore always negative.
Soal 2
What can the third figure conclude?
With a minor that is affirmative and actual and one premise universal, the third figure yields a particular affirmative or a particular negative.
Soal 3
Name one way, given in the Tahdhīb, of proving the moods of the fourth figure.
The fourth figure is shown by reductio, by reversing the order and then the conclusion, by converting both premises, or by reduction to the second or the third figure.
Pelajaran berikutnya: Conditional and repetitive syllogisms, induction and analogy