Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · 16 میں سے سبق 16
16
The five arts and the parts of the sciences
صناعاتِ خمسہ
الصِّنَاعَات الخَمْس
Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
The is either demonstrative (burhānī): what is composed of certainties. Their foundations are the (awwaliyyāt), the observed (mushāhadāt), the experienced (tajribiyyāt), the intuited (ḥadsiyyāt), the transmitted by many (mutawātirāt), and those whose proof comes with them (fiṭriyyāt). Then, if the , besides causing the relation in the mind, also causes it in , the is of the reason why (limmī); otherwise it is of the fact (innī).
Or it is dialectical (jadalī), composed of the widely accepted (mashhūrāt) and the conceded (musallamāt); or rhetorical (khiṭābī), composed of the received (maqbūlāt) and the supposed (maẓnūnāt); or poetic (shiʿrī), composed of the (mukhayyalāt); or sophistical (safsaṭī), composed of the (wahmiyyāt) and the look-alikes (mushabbahāt).
The parts of the sciences are three: the subjects; the principles, which are the definitions of the subjects, of their parts and of their accidents, and , evident or taken over, on which the syllogisms of the science are built; and the questions, which are sought in the science — their subjects are the of the science, or a kind of it, or an accident of it, or a compound of these, and their predicates are things outside them that attach to them by themselves.
“Principles” is also said of what one begins with before the aim, and “preliminaries” of what one must know before setting out, as a matter of acquaintance. And God knows best what is right.
شرح میں جو سمجھایا گیا ہے اس پر 3 سوالات۔ 10 میں سے 6 یا زیادہ (دو ستارے) پر اگلا سبق کھل جاتا ہے۔
سوال 1
Which of these are among the foundations of demonstration (burhān)?
Demonstration is composed of certainties, whose foundations are the first principles, the observed, the experienced, the intuited, the transmitted by many and those whose proof comes with them.
سوال 2
When is a demonstration “of the reason why” (limmī)?
If the middle term is also the cause of the relation in reality the demonstration is limmī; otherwise it is innī.
سوال 3
What are the three parts of a science according to the Tahdhīb?
“The parts of the sciences are three: the subjects; the principles … and the questions.”