Ana sayfa / Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam / Ders 16 / 18
Kilitli
Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
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Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
The syllogism · lawāḥiq al-qiyās · s. 104–107
لَواحِقُ القِياسِ
Taslak · inceleme bekliyor
Cairo 1324/1906 baskısından alıntılarla kendi derslerimiz · çeviri The Mantiqi, taslak
Bu metin hakkında
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Metin
- Arapça: derslerde alıntılanan pasajlar, The Mantiqi tarafından bu baskıdan aktarıldı (metnin tamamı aktarılmaz): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) Taramayı gör
- Derslerin takip ettiği
- Dersler, The Mantiqi'nin Sullam üzerine beyit beyit, Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī'yi izleyen kendi açıklamalarıdır; sözleri en önemli yerlerde alıntılanır.
- Çeviri
- The Mantiqi'nin kendi çevirisi; taslak.
- İnceleme
- Taslak, Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf tarafından incelenmeyi bekliyor.
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī'nin sözleriyle
Başka bir dil mi lazım? “Google Çeviri” bir pasajı Google'ın makine çevirisinde açar — ilk fikir için kullanışlı, ama bizim tarafımızdan kontrol edilmemiştir. Ya da metni dilediğin bir çevirmene kopyala.
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906 baskısının Arapça metninden alıntı
(فَصْلٌ فِي لَواحِقِ القِياسِ) الإِضافَةُ جِنْسِيَّةٌ لا اسْتِغْراقِيَّةٌ، لِأَنَّ المُصَنِّفَ لَمْ يَتَكَلَّمْ إِلّا عَلَى ثَلاثَةٍ مِنْها، وَهِيَ القِياسُ المُرَكَّبُ وَقِياسُ الاسْتِقْراءِ وَقِياسُ التَّمْثِيلِ، وَأَهْمَلَ رابِعًا وَهُوَ قِياسُ الخُلْفِ، وَضابِطُهُ أَنْ يُسْتَدَلَّ عَلَى ثُبُوتِ المَطْلُوبِ بِإِبْطالِ نَقِيضِهِ.
(Chapter on what follows the syllogism): the possessive here names the kind, not all of its members, for the author speaks of only three of them — the compound syllogism, induction and analogy — and leaves out a fourth, the reductio (qiyās al-khulf), whose rule is to prove what is sought by refuting its contradictory.
Google Çeviri ↗s. 104
… لِأَنَّهُ يُفِيدُ القَطْعَ بِالَّذِي اسْتُدِلَّ عَلَيْهِ بِهِ، كَما إِذا تَصَفَّحْتَ جَمِيعَ جُزْئِيّاتِ الحَيَوانِ فَوَجَدْتَ المَوْتَ لازِمًا لَها، فَاسْتَدْلَلْتَ بِذٰلِكَ عَلَى أَنَّ كُلَّ حَيَوانٍ مَيِّتٌ، وَأَمّا الثّانِي فَلِأَنَّهُ لا يَلْزَمُ مِنْ تَشابُهِ الأَمْرَيْنِ فِي شَيْءٍ أَنَّهُما كَذٰلِكَ فِي شَيْءٍ آخَرَ.
… for [complete induction] gives certainty of what it is used to prove: as when you go through all the particular kinds of animal, find death bound to them, and conclude that every animal dies. As for the second [analogy], it is because two things being alike in one respect does not mean that they are alike in another.
Google Çeviri ↗s. 107
Ders
The Sullam ends its account of the with “what follows it”: the compound syllogism, whose becomes a of the next; (istiqrāʾ); and (tamthīl). Al-Bājūrī remarks that the poem names only three of these and leaves out a fourth, the reductio (qiyās al-khulf): proving what is sought by refuting its .
His example of a reductio is from kalām: to prove that God is eternal, one argues that if He were not eternal He would be originated; that if He were originated an absurdity would follow; and that what leads to an absurdity is false. So His being originated is false, and what is sought is proved.
On he distinguishes the complete and the incomplete. Complete induction gives certainty: one goes through all the kinds of animal, finds death bound to each, and concludes that every animal dies. Incomplete induction gives only probability, as does , because two things being alike in one respect does not make them alike in another.
Terimler
- الاسْتِقْراءُ al-istiqrāʾ
- induction: going through the particulars
- التَّمْثِيلُ al-tamthīl
- analogy: from one particular to another
- قِياسُ الخُلْفِ qiyās al-khulf
- reductio: proving by refuting the contradictory
Örnekler
لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ قَدِيمًا لَكانَ حادِثًا
“if He were not eternal, He would be originated”: the start of a reductio
Kendini sına
Bu ders üzerine 3 soru. 10 üzerinden 6 veya daha fazlasıyla (iki yıldız) sonraki ders açılır.
Soru 1
Which of “what follows the syllogism” does al-Bājūrī say the poem leaves out?
The poem speaks of three, “and leaves out a fourth, the reductio, whose rule is to prove what is sought by refuting its contradictory”.
Soru 2
Which kind of induction gives certainty?
Complete induction “gives certainty of what it is used to prove”, as when all kinds of animal are found to die.
Soru 3
Why does analogy not give certainty?
“Two things being alike in one respect does not mean that they are alike in another.”
Sıradaki ders: The kinds of argument and their premises
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