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Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
Назад к книге «Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam»Североафриканский путь · уровень 2 · Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam · Урок 16 из 18
Compound syllogism, induction and analogy
The syllogism · lawāḥiq al-qiyās · с. 104–107
لَواحِقُ القِياسِ
Черновик · ждёт проверки
Наши уроки с цитатами из издания Cairo 1324/1906 · перевод The Mantiqi, черновик
Об этом тексте
Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā al-Sullam حاشِيَةُ الباجُورِيِّ عَلَى السُّلَّمِ
Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī (d. 1276/1860)
- Текст
- Арабский: отрывки, цитируемые в уроках, переписаны The Mantiqi с этого издания (весь текст не воспроизводится): Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, al-Maṭbaʿa al-Azhariyya al-Miṣriyya (2nd printing), Cairo 1324/1906, pp. 26–112 (passages) Посмотреть скан
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- Уроки — собственные объяснения The Mantiqi к «ас-Сулламу», бейт за бейтом, вслед за автором (Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī); его слова цитируются там, где они важнее всего.
- Перевод
- Собственный перевод The Mantiqi; черновик.
- Проверка
- Черновик, ожидает проверки: Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
Словами автора: Ibrāhīm al-Bājūrī
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Цитаты по тексту на арабском: Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalā matn al-Sullam, with al-Anbābī's taqrīr in the margin, Cairo 1324/1906
(فَصْلٌ فِي لَواحِقِ القِياسِ) الإِضافَةُ جِنْسِيَّةٌ لا اسْتِغْراقِيَّةٌ، لِأَنَّ المُصَنِّفَ لَمْ يَتَكَلَّمْ إِلّا عَلَى ثَلاثَةٍ مِنْها، وَهِيَ القِياسُ المُرَكَّبُ وَقِياسُ الاسْتِقْراءِ وَقِياسُ التَّمْثِيلِ، وَأَهْمَلَ رابِعًا وَهُوَ قِياسُ الخُلْفِ، وَضابِطُهُ أَنْ يُسْتَدَلَّ عَلَى ثُبُوتِ المَطْلُوبِ بِإِبْطالِ نَقِيضِهِ.
(Chapter on what follows the syllogism): the possessive here names the kind, not all of its members, for the author speaks of only three of them — the compound syllogism, induction and analogy — and leaves out a fourth, the reductio (qiyās al-khulf), whose rule is to prove what is sought by refuting its contradictory.
Google Переводчик ↗с. 104
… لِأَنَّهُ يُفِيدُ القَطْعَ بِالَّذِي اسْتُدِلَّ عَلَيْهِ بِهِ، كَما إِذا تَصَفَّحْتَ جَمِيعَ جُزْئِيّاتِ الحَيَوانِ فَوَجَدْتَ المَوْتَ لازِمًا لَها، فَاسْتَدْلَلْتَ بِذٰلِكَ عَلَى أَنَّ كُلَّ حَيَوانٍ مَيِّتٌ، وَأَمّا الثّانِي فَلِأَنَّهُ لا يَلْزَمُ مِنْ تَشابُهِ الأَمْرَيْنِ فِي شَيْءٍ أَنَّهُما كَذٰلِكَ فِي شَيْءٍ آخَرَ.
… for [complete induction] gives certainty of what it is used to prove: as when you go through all the particular kinds of animal, find death bound to them, and conclude that every animal dies. As for the second [analogy], it is because two things being alike in one respect does not mean that they are alike in another.
Google Переводчик ↗с. 107
Урок
The Sullam ends its account of the with “what follows it”: the compound syllogism, whose becomes a of the next; (istiqrāʾ); and (tamthīl). Al-Bājūrī remarks that the poem names only three of these and leaves out a fourth, the reductio (qiyās al-khulf): proving what is sought by refuting its .
His example of a reductio is from kalām: to prove that God is eternal, one argues that if He were not eternal He would be originated; that if He were originated an absurdity would follow; and that what leads to an absurdity is false. So His being originated is false, and what is sought is proved.
On he distinguishes the complete and the incomplete. Complete induction gives certainty: one goes through all the kinds of animal, finds death bound to each, and concludes that every animal dies. Incomplete induction gives only probability, as does , because two things being alike in one respect does not make them alike in another.
Понятия
- الاسْتِقْراءُ al-istiqrāʾ
- induction: going through the particulars
- التَّمْثِيلُ al-tamthīl
- analogy: from one particular to another
- قِياسُ الخُلْفِ qiyās al-khulf
- reductio: proving by refuting the contradictory
Примеры
لَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ قَدِيمًا لَكانَ حادِثًا
“if He were not eternal, He would be originated”: the start of a reductio
Проверьте себя
Вопросов по этому уроку: 3. С 6 из 10 и выше (две звезды) открывается следующий урок.
Вопрос 1
Which of “what follows the syllogism” does al-Bājūrī say the poem leaves out?
The poem speaks of three, “and leaves out a fourth, the reductio, whose rule is to prove what is sought by refuting its contradictory”.
Вопрос 2
Which kind of induction gives certainty?
Complete induction “gives certainty of what it is used to prove”, as when all kinds of animal are found to die.
Вопрос 3
Why does analogy not give certainty?
“Two things being alike in one respect does not mean that they are alike in another.”
Следующий урок: The kinds of argument and their premises
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