Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Урок 5 из 16
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Differentia, property and accident; the three universals
Пять универсалий
الكُلِّيَّات الخَمْس
Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
The third is the (faṣl): what is said of a thing in answer to “What thing is it in its ?”. If it sets it apart from what shares the near with it, it is near; from what shares the genus, it is remote.
Related to what it sets apart, it is constitutive (muqawwim); related to that from which it sets it apart, it is divisive (muqassim). What constitutes the higher constitutes the lower, not the other way round; and the divisive is the reverse.
The fourth is the property (khāṣṣa): what lies outside the and is said, as an accident, only of what falls under a single . The fifth is the (ʿaraḍ ʿāmm): what lies outside and is said of it and of others.
Each of them, if it is impossible for it to come apart from the thing, is necessary (lāzim), with regard to the quiddity or to existence. The necessary is either clear (bayyin) — its follows from the conception of what it necessarily accompanies, or from conceiving both the certainty of the link follows — or not clear, which is the opposite. Otherwise it is a , which lasts, or passes quickly or slowly.
The of the is called the logical universal; what it applies to, the natural universal; and the two together, the mental universal. So too the five kinds. The truth is that the natural universal exists, in the sense that its individuals exist.
Вопросов: 3 — о том, что объясняет комментарий. С 6 из 10 и выше (две звезды) открывается следующий урок.
Вопрос 1
“Rational”, related to “human”, is constitutive; related to “animal”, it is…
Related to what it sets apart it is constitutive (muqawwim); related to that from which it sets it apart, divisive (muqassim).
Вопрос 2
Which of these is the Tahdhīb's “clear necessary accident” (lāzim bayyin)?
The clear necessary is the one whose conception follows from the conception of what it accompanies (in the narrow sense), or for which conceiving both yields certainty of the link (in the wide sense).
Вопрос 3
In the closing note on the five universals, what does al-Taftāzānī hold about the natural universal?
“The truth is that the natural universal exists, in the sense that its individuals exist.”