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12
Simple conversion and contraposition
Proposities
القَضَايَا
Tekst in het Arabisch naar de druk van Cairo 1330/1912 · vertaling door The Mantiqi, concept
Over deze tekst
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Tekst
Arabisch: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 Bekijk de scan
Vertaling
Van The Mantiqi zelf; een concept.
Controle
Concept, wacht op controle door Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
(al-ʿaks al-mustawī) is exchanging the two sides of a while truth and quality remain.
The converts only as a , because the or the may be more general. The converts as a , or else a thing would be denied of itself. The does not convert at all, because the or the may be more general.
As for the modes: among the affirmatives, the two perpetuals and the two generals as an absolute while-described; the two specials as a non-perpetual while-described; the two temporals, the two existentials and the general absolute as a general absolute; and the two possibles do not convert.
Among the negatives, the two perpetuals convert as a perpetual; the two generals as a general conventional; the two specials as a conventional non-perpetual in part. The proof throughout is that the of the converse, together with the original, yields an absurdity; and the rest do not convert, as counter-examples show.
(ʿaks al-naqīḍ) is exchanging the contradictories of the two sides while truth and quality remain; or putting the of the second first, with a change of quality.
The rule for the affirmatives here is the rule for the negatives in , and the other way round; the proof is the same proof and the counter-example the same counter-example. It has been shown that the two specials, from the here and from the there, convert as a special conventional.