The disjunctive and its three kinds

Proof · al-munfaṣila wa-aqsāmuhā · pp. 15–16

المُنْفَصِلَةُ وَأَقْسامُها

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Persian text after the print of Kanpur 1279/1862–63 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Ṣughrā الصُّغْرَى

al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)

Text: Persian, transcribed by The Mantiqi from the lithograph, without its marginal glosses: Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Maṭbaʿ-i Alṭāfī, Kanpur 1279/1862–63, pp. 1–8 of the Ṣughrā, after the Kubrā View the scan
Lessons follow: al-Manṭiq al-manhajī li-l-mubtadiʾīn: al-Ṣughrā wa-l-Awsaṭ wa-l-Kubrā, Arabic version and arrangement by Muḥammad Anwar al-Badakhshānī (Jāmiʿat al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, ʿAllāma Banūrī Town), Islam Insight, Karachi 1420/1999, pp. 5–18. The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations in the order of this edition; its text is under copyright and is not reproduced.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own, into English and into vocalised Arabic; a draft. The Arabic is translated from the Persian, not taken from a printed Arabic version.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

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Persian original, Majmūʿa-yi manṭiq, Kanpur 1279/1862–63

سوم شرطیهٔ منفصله و آن مرکب باشد از دو قضیه که میان ایشان حکم کرده باشند بانفصال یا بسلب انفصال، و منفصله بر سه قسم است: اول حقیقیه که در وی حکم کرده باشند بانفصال در صدق و کذب هر دو چون هذا العدد اما زوج و اما فرد و این را موجبهٔ حقیقیه گویند، یا حکم کرده باشند بسلب این انفصال چون لیس البتة هذا العدد اما زوجاً و اما منقسماً بمتساویین و این را سالبهٔ حقیقیه خوانند. دوم مانعة الجمع که در وی حکم کرده باشند بانفصال در صدق فقط یا بسلب این انفصال چون هذا الشیء اما شجر و اما حجر و لیس البتة هذا الشیء اما لا شجر و اما لا حجر. سوم مانعة الخلو که در وی حکم کرده باشند بانفصال در کذب فقط یا بسلب این انفصال چون هذا الشیء اما لا حجر و اما لا شجر و لیس البتة هذا الشیء اما حجر و اما شجر.

The third is the disjunctive conditional (sharṭiyya munfaṣila), made of two propositions between which a separation is judged, or the separation denied. The disjunctive is of three kinds. First, the real (ḥaqīqiyya), in which separation is judged in truth and in falsehood both, like “this number is either even or odd”, which is called the affirmative real disjunctive; or that separation is denied, like “never: this number is either even or divisible into two equal halves”, which is called the negative real disjunctive. Second, the one that excludes being together (māniʿat al-jamʿ), in which separation is judged in truth only, or denied, like “this thing is either a tree or a stone”, and “never: this thing is either not a tree or not a stone”. Third, the one that excludes being absent (māniʿat al-khuluww), in which separation is judged in falsehood only, or denied, like “this thing is either not a stone or not a tree”, and “never: this thing is either a stone or a tree”.

Arabic translation

وَالثَّالِثُ الشَّرْطِيَّةُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ، وَهِيَ الْمُرَكَّبَةُ مِنْ قَضِيَّتَيْنِ حُكِمَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ أَوْ بِسَلْبِهِ، وَهِيَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَقْسَامٍ: الْأَوَّلُ الْحَقِيقِيَّةُ الَّتِي حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ فِي الصِّدْقِ وَالْكَذِبِ مَعًا، كَقَوْلِنَا: هٰذَا الْعَدَدُ إِمَّا زَوْجٌ أَوْ فَرْدٌ، وَتُسَمَّى مُوجَبَةً حَقِيقِيَّةً، أَوْ حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِسَلْبِ هٰذَا الِانْفِصَالِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: لَيْسَ الْبَتَّةَ هٰذَا الْعَدَدُ إِمَّا زَوْجًا أَوْ مُنْقَسِمًا بِمُتَسَاوِيَيْنِ، وَتُسَمَّى سَالِبَةً حَقِيقِيَّةً. وَالثَّانِي مَانِعَةُ الْجَمْعِ الَّتِي حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ فِي الصِّدْقِ فَقَطْ أَوْ بِسَلْبِهِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا شَجَرٌ أَوْ حَجَرٌ، وَلَيْسَ الْبَتَّةَ هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا لَا شَجَرٌ أَوْ لَا حَجَرٌ. وَالثَّالِثُ مَانِعَةُ الْخُلُوِّ الَّتِي حُكِمَ فِيهَا بِالِانْفِصَالِ فِي الْكَذِبِ فَقَطْ أَوْ بِسَلْبِهِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا لَا حَجَرٌ أَوْ لَا شَجَرٌ، وَلَيْسَ الْبَتَّةَ هٰذَا الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا حَجَرٌ أَوْ شَجَرٌ.

Google Translate ↗pp. 6–7

The lesson

The (sharṭiyya munfaṣila) is made of two whose judgement is one of separation, or of the denial of separation. It has three kinds.

In the real (munfaṣila ḥaqīqiyya) the two parts are separate both in truth and in falsehood: they cannot both be true and cannot both be false. “This number is either even or odd.” Its is “it is not the case that this number is either even or divisible into two equals”, since those two go together.

In the that excludes joining (māniʿat al-jamʿ) the two cannot both be true, but both may be false: “this thing is either a tree or a stone”. A thing cannot be both, but it can be neither, a man for instance.

In the that excludes emptiness (māniʿat al-khulūw) the two cannot both be false, but both may be true: “this man is either a man or a writer”. One of the two must hold, and both can.

Terms

الشَّرْطِيَّةُ المُنْفَصِلَةُ al-sharṭiyya al-munfaṣila: disjunctive conditional: two propositions joined by separation
الحَقِيقِيَّةُ al-ḥaqīqiyya: real: not both true, not both false
مانِعَةُ الجَمْعِ māniʿat al-jamʿ: excluding joining: not both true
مانِعَةُ الخُلُوِّ māniʿat al-khulūw: excluding emptiness: not both false

Examples

هٰذا العَدَدُ إِمّا زَوْجٌ وَإِمّا فَرْدٌ
“This number is either even or odd”: real
هٰذا الشَّيْءُ إِمّا شَجَرٌ وَإِمّا حَجَرٌ
“This thing is either a tree or a stone”: excluding joining
هٰذا الرَّجُلُ إِمّا إِنْسانٌ وَإِمّا كاتِبٌ
“This man is either a man or a writer”: excluding emptiness

Test jezelf

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Vraag 1
“This thing is either a tree or a stone.” Which kind of disjunctive is it?
Vraag 2
In a real disjunctive the two parts…
Vraag 3
“This man is either a man or a writer” excludes emptiness. What does that mean?

Volgende les: The conjunctive syllogism and the four figures

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