خانه / al-Sullam al-munawraq / درس 9 از 18
پیش‌نمایش
نگاهی به درس 9 از سطح 1. سطح 1 پس از سطح 1 باز می‌شود؛ تا آن زمان می‌توانی این درس را بخوانی، اما آزمون آن و راه پس از آن بسته می‌ماند.
قفل
Propositions and their kinds
بازگشت به al-Sullam al-munawraqمسیر مغربی · سطح 1 · al-Sullam al-munawraq · درس 9 از 18
Propositions and their kinds
Propositions · al-qaḍāyā wa-aḥkāmuhā · ص 24–25
الْقَضَايَا وَأَحْكَامُهَا
پیش‌نویس · در انتظار بازبینی
متن عربی بر پایهٔ چاپ Jakarta 1434/2013 · ترجمهٔ The Mantiqi، پیش‌نویس
دربارهٔ این متن
al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)
- متن
- عربی, رونویسی The Mantiqi از این چاپ: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 دیدن تصویر اسکن
- درس‌ها دنبال می‌کنند
- درس‌ها توضیح خود The Mantiqi است، فصل به فصل از خود متن.
- ترجمه
- کار خود The Mantiqi؛ پیش‌نویس.
- بازبینی
- پیش‌نویس، در انتظار بازبینی Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.
متن
زبان دیگری لازم داری؟ «Google Translate» بخشی از متن را در ترجمهٔ ماشینی گوگل باز می‌کند — برای برداشت نخست سودمند است، اما ما آن را بازبینی نکرده‌ایم. یا متن را در مترجم دلخواهت رونوشت کن.
اصل عربی، Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013
مَا احْتَمَلَ الصِّدْقَ لِذَاتِهِ جَرَىبَيْنَهُمُ قَضِيَّةً وَخَبَرَا
ثُمَّ الْقَضَايَا عِنْدَهُمْ قِسْمَانِشَرْطِيَّةٌ حَمْلِيَّةٌ وَالثَّانِي
كُلِّيَّةٌ شَخْصِيَّةٌ وَالْأَوَّلُإِمَّا مُسَوَّرٌ وَإِمَّا مُهْمَلُ
What can be true in itself is called among them a proposition and a report. Propositions, among them, are of two kinds: conditional and categorical; and the second is universal or personal, and the first is either quantified or neglected.
وَالسُّورُ كُلِّيًّا وَجُزْئِيًّا يُرَىوَأَرْبَعٌ أَقْسَامُهُ حَيْثُ جَرَى
إِمَّا بِكُلٍّ أَوْ بِبَعْضٍ أَوْ بِلَاشَيْءٍ وَلَيْسَ بَعْضُ أَوْ شِبْهٌ جَلَا
وَكُلُّهَا مُوجَبَةٌ وَسَالِبَهْفَهْيَ إِذَنْ إِلَى الثَّمَانِ آيِبَهْ
The quantifier is found universal and particular, and its kinds are four wherever it occurs: with “every”, with “some”, with “no”, and with “not some” or the like, as is clear. And all of these are affirmative and negative, so they come to eight.
Google Translate ↗ص 24–25
وَالْأَوَّلُ الْمَوْضُوعُ فِي الْحَمْلِيَّهْوَالْآخِرُ الْمَحْمُولُ بِالسَّوِيَّهْ
وَإِنْ عَلَى التَّعْلِيقِ فِيهَا قَدْ حُكِمْفَإِنَّهَا شَرْطِيَّةٌ وَتَنْقَسِمْ
أَيْضًا إِلَى شَرْطِيَّةٍ مُتَّصِلَهْوَمِثْلُهَا شَرْطِيَّةٌ مُنْفَصِلَهْ
The first part in a categorical is the subject, the last the predicate, in the same way. If in it the judgement is made on a condition, it is a conditional, and it too divides into a connective conditional and, like it, a disjunctive conditional.
جُزْآهُمَا مُقَدَّمٌ وَتَالِيأَمَّا بَيَانُ ذَاتِ الِاتِّصَالِ
مَا أَوْجَبَتْ تَلَازُمَ الْجُزْأَيْنِوَذَاتُ الِانْفِصَالِ دُونَ مَيْنِ
مَا أَوْجَبَتْ تَنَافُرًا بَيْنَهُمَاأَقْسَامُهَا ثَلَاثَةٌ فَلْتُعْلَمَا
مَانِعُ جَمْعٍ أَوْ خُلُوٍّ أَوْ هُمَاوَهْوَ الْحَقِيقِيُّ الْأَخَصُّ فَاعْلَمَا
Their two parts are the antecedent and the consequent. As for the account of the connective: it is one that requires the two parts to go together; and the disjunctive, without falsehood, is one that requires them to be incompatible. Its kinds are three, so know them: excluding being together, excluding being absent, or both — and that is the real disjunctive, the narrowest, so know it.
درس
A (qaḍiyya) is what can in itself be true or false. It is (ḥamliyya) or (sharṭiyya). A categorical is personal (shakhṣiyya), with a , or general; a general one is (musawwar) or neglected (muhmala). The quantifiers are four — “every”, “some”, “no” and “not some” — and each proposition is or , so there are eight kinds in all.
In a the first part is the and the last the . A judges on the basis of a condition: (muttaṣila) when it requires its two parts, and , to go together; (munfaṣila) when it requires them to be incompatible. The disjunctive excludes being together, or excludes being absent, or both; the last is the real disjunctive, the narrowest of the three.
اصطلاحات
- الْقَضِيَّةُ al-qaḍiyya
- proposition: can be true or false in itself
- الشَّخْصِيَّةُ al-shakhṣiyya
- personal: its subject is a particular
- الْمُسَوَّرَةُ al-musawwara
- quantified
- الْمُهْمَلَةُ al-muhmala
- neglected: no quantifier
- الْمُقَدَّمُ / التَّالِي al-muqaddam / al-tālī
- antecedent / consequent
- الْحَقِيقِيَّةُ al-ḥaqīqiyya
- real disjunctive: excludes both being together and being absent
مثال‌ها
إِمَّا بِكُلٍّ أَوْ بِبَعْضٍ أَوْ بِلَا شَيْءٍ وَلَيْسَ بَعْضُ
the four quantifiers: every, some, no, not some
خودت را بیازما
3 پرسش دربارهٔ این درس. با ۶ از ۱۰ یا بیشتر (دو ستاره) درس بعدی باز می‌شود.
پرسش 1
How many kinds of quantified proposition does the Sullam reach?
Four quantifiers, each affirmative or negative: eight.
پرسش 2
Which disjunctive is the narrowest (al-akhaṣṣ)?
The real disjunctive excludes both, so it is the narrowest.
پرسش 3
A proposition whose subject is a particular, like “Zayd stands”, is…
With a particular subject the proposition is personal.
درس بعدی: Contradiction
ادامه ←