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The modalities: the eight simple propositions

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Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Lesson 8 of 16

The modalities: the eight simple propositions

Propositions

القَضَايَا

Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ

Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)

Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
Translation
The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review
Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī

وَقَدْ يُصَرَّحُ بِكَيْفِيَّةِ النِّسْبَةِ فَمُوَجَّهَةٌ، وَما بِهِ البَيانُ جِهَةٌ. فَإِنْ كانَ الحُكْمُ فِي القَضِيَّةِ بِضَرُورَةِ النِّسْبَةِ ما دامَ ذاتُ المَوْضُوعِ فَضَرُورِيَّةٌ مُطْلَقَةٌ، أَوْ ما دامَ وَصْفُهُ فَمَشْرُوطَةٌ عامَّةٌ، أَوْ فِي وَقْتٍ مُعَيَّنٍ فَوَقْتِيَّةٌ مُطْلَقَةٌ، أَوْ غَيْرِ مُعَيَّنٍ فَمُنْتَشِرَةٌ مُطْلَقَةٌ؛ أَوْ بِدَوامِها ما دامَ الذّاتُ فَدائِمَةٌ مُطْلَقَةٌ، أَوْ ما دامَ الوَصْفُ فَعُرْفِيَّةٌ عامَّةٌ؛ أَوْ بِفِعْلِيَّتِها فَالمُطْلَقَةُ العامَّةُ، أَوْ بِعَدَمِ ضَرُورَةِ خِلافِها فَالمُمْكِنَةُ العامَّةُ؛ فَهٰذِهِ بَسائِطُ.

Sometimes the manner of the relation is stated; then the is modalised (muwajjaha), and what states it is the mode (jiha). If the judgement is that the relation is necessary as long as the itself exists, it is the absolute necessary (ḍarūriyya muṭlaqa); as long as its description lasts, the general (mashrūṭa ʿāmma); at a set time, the absolute temporal (waqtiyya muṭlaqa); at an unset time, the absolute spread (muntashira muṭlaqa). If it is that the relation lasts as long as the subject itself exists, the absolute perpetual (dāʾima muṭlaqa); as long as the description lasts, the general conventional (ʿurfiyya ʿāmma). If it is that the relation is actual, the general absolute (muṭlaqa ʿāmma); and if it is that its opposite is not necessary, the general possible (mumkina ʿāmma). These are the ones.

Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · p. 8

Test yourself

3 questions on what the commentary explains. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

  1. Question 1

    “Every human is necessarily an animal, as long as he exists” is…

  2. Question 2

    “Every writer necessarily moves his fingers as long as he writes” is…

  3. Question 3

    Which simple proposition says only that the opposite of the relation is not necessary?

Next lesson: The compound modal propositions

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