Indian path · level 3 · Tahdhīb al-manṭiq · Lesson 2 of 16
2
Signification and the kinds of utterance
Utterances and signification
الأَلْفَاظ وَالدَّلَالَة
Arabic text after the print of Cairo 1330/1912 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft
About this text
Tahdhīb al-manṭiq تَهْذِيبُ المَنْطِقِ
Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390)
Text
Arabic: Matn Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām (the logic part; the notes on the kalām part not reproduced), with notes collected by ʿAbd al-Qādir Maʿrūf al-Kurdī al-Sanandajī; vowel marks added by The Mantiqi (draft); two misprints corrected to the usual reading (p. 6 yalzamu taṣawwuruhu min taṣawwuri l-malzūm for the print's yalzamu min taṣawwurihi taṣawwuru l-malzūm; p. 13 al-fiṭriyyāt for al-naẓariyyāt), Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, Cairo 1330/1912 View the scan
The of an on the whole of what it was coined for is (muṭābaqa), on its part is (taḍammun), and on what lies outside it is (iltizām). For implication there must be a necessary link, by reason or by custom. Correspondence accompanies both of the others, if only by supposition; not the other way round.
As for the coined : if a part of it is meant to signify a part of the meaning, it is composite (murakkab) — either complete, a report (khabar) or a performative (inshāʾ), or incomplete, restrictive (taqyīdī) or otherwise. If not, it is single (mufrad).
The single utterance, if it stands on its own, is a verb (kalima) if by its form it also signifies one of the three times, and a noun (ism) if it does not; otherwise it is a particle (adāt).
Again: if its meaning is one, then with its individuation in the coining it is a proper name (ʿalam); without it, it is univocal (mutawāṭiʾ) if its instances are equal, and modulated (mushakkik) if they differ, by priority or by greater fitness. If its meanings are many: if it was coined for each, it is homonymous (mushtarak); if not, then if it became well known in the second meaning it is transferred (manqūl), named after the one who transferred it; otherwise it is literal (ḥaqīqa) and figurative (majāz).
3 questions on what the commentary explains. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.
Question 1
“House” signifies the roof. What kind of signification is this?
on the whole of what an was coined for is , on its part , and on what lies outside it . The roof is part of the house.
Question 2
Which does the Tahdhīb say accompanies the other two kinds of signification?
“ accompanies both, if only by supposition; not the other way round.” An with no parts, such as a point, can correspond without including.
Question 3
An utterance with one meaning whose instances differ by priority or greater fitness, like “existence” or “white”, is called…
With one meaning and no individuation in its coining, it is univocal if its instances are equal and modulated (mushakkik) if they differ by priority or greater fitness.
Next lesson: Universal and particular; the four relations