Propositions and their kinds

Propositions · al-qaḍāyā wa-aḥkāmuhā · pp. 24–25

الْقَضَايَا وَأَحْكَامُهَا

Draft · awaiting review

Arabic text after the print of Jakarta 1434/2013 · translation by The Mantiqi, draft

About this text

al-Sullam al-munawraq السُّلَّمُ الْمُنَوْرَقُ

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575)

Text: Arabic, transcribed by The Mantiqi from this print: Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Jakarta 1434/2013, pp. 20–32 View the scan
Lessons follow: The lessons are The Mantiqi's own explanations, chapter by chapter of the text itself.
Translation: The Mantiqi's own; a draft.
Review: Draft, awaiting review by Ustadh Muhammad Yusuf.

The text

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Arabic original, Mutūn al-manṭiq wa-l-ḥikma: Īsāghūjī wa-l-Sullam al-munawraq, Jakarta 1434/2013

مَا احْتَمَلَ الصِّدْقَ لِذَاتِهِ جَرَىبَيْنَهُمُ قَضِيَّةً وَخَبَرَا

ثُمَّ الْقَضَايَا عِنْدَهُمْ قِسْمَانِشَرْطِيَّةٌ حَمْلِيَّةٌ وَالثَّانِي

كُلِّيَّةٌ شَخْصِيَّةٌ وَالْأَوَّلُإِمَّا مُسَوَّرٌ وَإِمَّا مُهْمَلُ

What can be true in itself is called among them a proposition and a report. Propositions, among them, are of two kinds: conditional and categorical; and the second is universal or personal, and the first is either quantified or neglected.

Google Translate ↗p. 24

وَالسُّورُ كُلِّيًّا وَجُزْئِيًّا يُرَىوَأَرْبَعٌ أَقْسَامُهُ حَيْثُ جَرَى

إِمَّا بِكُلٍّ أَوْ بِبَعْضٍ أَوْ بِلَاشَيْءٍ وَلَيْسَ بَعْضُ أَوْ شِبْهٌ جَلَا

وَكُلُّهَا مُوجَبَةٌ وَسَالِبَهْفَهْيَ إِذَنْ إِلَى الثَّمَانِ آيِبَهْ

The quantifier is found universal and particular, and its kinds are four wherever it occurs: with “every”, with “some”, with “no”, and with “not some” or the like, as is clear. And all of these are affirmative and negative, so they come to eight.

Google Translate ↗pp. 24–25

وَالْأَوَّلُ الْمَوْضُوعُ فِي الْحَمْلِيَّهْوَالْآخِرُ الْمَحْمُولُ بِالسَّوِيَّهْ

وَإِنْ عَلَى التَّعْلِيقِ فِيهَا قَدْ حُكِمْفَإِنَّهَا شَرْطِيَّةٌ وَتَنْقَسِمْ

أَيْضًا إِلَى شَرْطِيَّةٍ مُتَّصِلَهْوَمِثْلُهَا شَرْطِيَّةٌ مُنْفَصِلَهْ

The first part in a categorical is the subject, the last the predicate, in the same way. If in it the judgement is made on a condition, it is a conditional, and it too divides into a connective conditional and, like it, a disjunctive conditional.

Google Translate ↗p. 25

جُزْآهُمَا مُقَدَّمٌ وَتَالِيأَمَّا بَيَانُ ذَاتِ الِاتِّصَالِ

مَا أَوْجَبَتْ تَلَازُمَ الْجُزْأَيْنِوَذَاتُ الِانْفِصَالِ دُونَ مَيْنِ

مَا أَوْجَبَتْ تَنَافُرًا بَيْنَهُمَاأَقْسَامُهَا ثَلَاثَةٌ فَلْتُعْلَمَا

مَانِعُ جَمْعٍ أَوْ خُلُوٍّ أَوْ هُمَاوَهْوَ الْحَقِيقِيُّ الْأَخَصُّ فَاعْلَمَا

Their two parts are the antecedent and the consequent. As for the account of the connective: it is one that requires the two parts to go together; and the disjunctive, without falsehood, is one that requires them to be incompatible. Its kinds are three, so know them: excluding being together, excluding being absent, or both — and that is the real disjunctive, the narrowest, so know it.

Google Translate ↗p. 25

The lesson

A (qaḍiyya) is what can in itself be true or false. It is (ḥamliyya) or (sharṭiyya). A categorical is personal (shakhṣiyya), with a , or general; a general one is (musawwar) or neglected (muhmala). The quantifiers are four — “every”, “some”, “no” and “not some” — and each proposition is or , so there are eight kinds in all.

In a the first part is the and the last the . A judges on the basis of a condition: (muttaṣila) when it requires its two parts, and , to go together; (munfaṣila) when it requires them to be incompatible. The disjunctive excludes being together, or excludes being absent, or both; the last is the real disjunctive, the narrowest of the three.

Terms

الْقَضِيَّةُ al-qaḍiyya: proposition: can be true or false in itself
الشَّخْصِيَّةُ al-shakhṣiyya: personal: its subject is a particular
الْمُسَوَّرَةُ al-musawwara: quantified
الْمُهْمَلَةُ al-muhmala: neglected: no quantifier
الْمُقَدَّمُ / التَّالِي al-muqaddam / al-tālī: antecedent / consequent
الْحَقِيقِيَّةُ al-ḥaqīqiyya: real disjunctive: excludes both being together and being absent

Examples

إِمَّا بِكُلٍّ أَوْ بِبَعْضٍ أَوْ بِلَا شَيْءٍ وَلَيْسَ بَعْضُ
the four quantifiers: every, some, no, not some

Test yourself

3 questions on this lesson. With 6 out of 10 or more (two stars) the next lesson opens.

Question 1
How many kinds of quantified proposition does the Sullam reach?
Question 2
Which disjunctive is the narrowest (al-akhaṣṣ)?
Question 3
A proposition whose subject is a particular, like “Zayd stands”, is…

Next lesson: Contradiction

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